國家代表隊之研究—以運動法為中心

台灣於2017年《國民體育法》修法後，對於國家代表隊權益保障的機制仍在發展中，相關爭議也屢見不鮮。然而，究竟什麼是「國家代表隊」？其法律性質為何？仍有待解答。本論文嘗試以國際奧會體系為中心，透過框架性的規範以釐清國家代表隊的定義與法律性質，並藉由運動法的觀察，說明國家代表隊所涉單位及人員之間的法律關係，最後進一步由各國立法制度釐清相應的紛爭解決機制。首先，本論文透過德國運動法學的理論，得出國家代表隊與單項運動協會之間係存在一私法性質的「合作性隸屬契約關係」，單項運動協會對選手所施予的紀律處分仍應遵守基本的法治國原則，而國家為維護「運動團體自治」，於法院進行司法審查時仍應盡可能地尊重運動團體的裁量權。其次，在運動紛爭解決機制部分，選手雖得依循運動組織內部申訴、仲裁及法院訴訟以求救濟，但有鑑於運動事務的特殊性，乃以仲裁作為最適途徑。最後，雖然《國民體育法》及《體育紛爭仲裁辦法》建立了台灣運動紛爭仲裁初步的制度，但其性質上卻比較屬於類似強制性的「裁決」制度；有鑑於國際運動仲裁法院（CAS）以及美國、日本等內國運動紛爭仲裁制度的成功經驗，本論文將以之作為參考，提出可能完善台灣運動紛爭仲裁機制的建議方向。

關鍵字

國家代表隊；運動法；運動團體自治；運動紛爭解決機制；國民體育法；體育紛爭仲裁辦法

並列摘要

The right-protection mechanism of national sports teams has been developing since the 2017 amendment of the National Sports Act. However, the definition, legal status and relationship regarding to the National Sports Teams remains unclear and invites controversies. This thesis tries to clarify the definition and legal nature of national sports teams based on the framework of the system of International Olympic Committee. Furthermore, through the approach of sports law, this thesis also investigates the legal relationship between the institutions, agencies and all the personnel involved in national sports teams. And finally, a comparative approach of dispute resolution mechanism in other countries may shed lights to the reform suggestion in the future. First of all, based on the theory of sports law in German, this thesis suggests that the relatioihsnip between athletes and national sports associations is a private contract with both cooperative and subordinative relationships, disciplinary punishment imposed on athletes should follow principles of the rule of law. On the other hand, the court should respect administrative discretion of sports organizations as much as possible when reviewing relevant controversies to protect the autonomy of sports organizations. Second, in terms of resolution of sports disputes, athletes should follow internal organizations to lodge appeals, arbitrations, and litigations with the national sports association for relief. However, given the unique nature of sports matters, arbitration is the most appropriate option. Finally, even though the National Sports Act and the Regulations Governing the Arbitration of Sports Disputes have established a preliminary system of sports dispute arbitration in Taiwan, the system is more akin to a mandatory “adjudication” system. In the light of successful experiences of the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) and sports dispute arbitration systems in the United States and Japan, this thesis suggests possible directions for reforming the sport arbitration system in Taiwan.