自我與他者:潘霍華的教會理念中群體觀之建構研究

Self and Other: The "Sociality" in Bonhoeffer's Idea of the Church

游鈞毓(Juin-Yuh You)

指導教授 ： 周學信

中原大學/人文與教育學院/宗教研究所/碩士(2004年)

https://doi.org/10.6840/cycu200400717

摘要

《聖徒相通》是潘霍華的第一本著作，是以社會學角度切入教會論的神學研究。自笛卡兒後，西方思想以「自我」為出發點，神學也有自我中心化之趨勢，潘霍華為批判當時的主流，德國唯心論，從人的定位開始闡釋社群性的重要；並以亞當受造和墮落力證人類被造於社群中，並且一切的關係源自於上帝與人原初建立的純全社群中。
潘霍華引用位格主義中的「我—你關係」來說明自我與他者分別是不可化約、抵銷的獨特個體，彼此相互依存。人通過與他者的界限和他者的幫助得到完整的自我；自我在關係中對他者的需要當有使命與責任，人就是在界限與責任中與他者構成社群的關係。潘霍華提出，基督教的人觀需要在社會倫理的範疇中討論，與唯心論中「為己」的思想全然不同。基督徒的人觀要從上帝與人類社群兩方面的關係開始。首先當認知到人與上帝，以及與其他人乃是無法相互取代、溶合，他者只能以「你」的形式被「我」經驗和感知；而「我」成為「我」乃是透過「你」的存立。第一位「你」就是上帝，透過與上帝的關係，人便成為一有界限且完整的自我。
自我是在關係中產生，上帝賦予人天生的社群性，並在社會基本關係中教導自我，每一個「你」都是上帝的形象，自我面對上帝的「你」時以順服回應；面對人的「你」時便為責任。這並不意味著自我受轄制或壓迫，最原初上帝以自己的形象創造人，使人有了自由意志，上帝確立他的獨特、自由和不可侵犯性；同時也要人與他者有愛的相交、互動，正如上帝首先且主動愛人一樣。墮落之後，上帝在教會完成恢復原初社群關係的工作，基督臨在於教會群體中，教會之所以能成為合一、無阻隔的社群，是因每位自我透過基督的死與神聖他者恢復緊密的關係，再藉由聖靈，使聖徒間在彼此的需要上看見自我的責任。潘霍華透過社會學的研究，更讓人明白教會與世界的關聯，信徒因社群性的本能而組成宗教社群，但因基督的臨在使之成為聖徒相通的教會群體，實現創世初亞當與上帝的契密關係，同時回應上帝愛世界的使命，負起「為他者而活」的責任。

關鍵字

社群性 ； 他者 ； 界限 ； 自由 ； 自我

並列摘要

Sanctorum Communio was Bonhoeffer’s first published work, which is the theological study of ecclesiology by the concept of sociology. Since Descartes transformed the self to be the starting point of western philosophy, theology becomes egocentric. Bonhoeffer criticized the main thought of Idealism by emphasizing the importance of sociality in the concept of person. From Adam’s was being created and fall, he also interpreted that human being was created in a social relations, and all of those were originated from the relationship God and man had in primal state.
Bonhoeffer explained the closeness and uniqueness of self and other by the “I-You-relation” of personalism that every individual is not irreducibly separate from others, but relate and depend on each other for living. One arises only from the barrier of the other and others’ help, and the self enters into the situation of responsibility from the others’ needs. Bonhoeffer said, the Christian concept of person should be discussed in the social ethical category. It is totally different from the “being-for-itself” of Idealism. The Christian concept of person should be always related to God and human community. Firstly, when person and God is recognize in that the other cannot be substituted and dissolved. The other can only be experienced in the “You form” and I become I through the existence of “You”. The first You is God, and through relating with Him, one becomes a whole self.
The self is formed in the mist of relations. God grants human the nature of sociality, and teach them in the context of the social basic relation. Every human You is the image of the Devine You. The self contacts with the Devine You by obedience as well as contacts with the human You by responsibility. It does not mean manipulation or control the self, but relate to other in freedom love and serve as God does.
After the Fall, God restores the primal relationship in the church community. Christ exists in the church community, and the unity in the community is established through the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ, and thus each believer can have the closest relationship with the divine other. And through the Holy Spirit, each saint sees his or her responsibility in the other’s need. Through the study of sociology, Bonhoeffer lets us understand the relation of the church and the world. Christians are drawn together by virtue of one’s nature of sociality, but Christ let it become a church community of Sanctorum Communio so that the primal unbroken relationship of Adam and God would be fully realized and restored. And also the church community takes the responsibility of “ being for others” in the world.

並列關鍵字

limit ； freedom ； sociality ； self ； other

參考文獻

〈潘霍華的靈性關顧〉，《山道期刊》，卷六，第二期，2003。

----------. Dietrich Bonhoeffer: witness to Jesus Christ, Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1991.

----------. A Testament to Freedom: the Essential Writings of Dietrich Bonhoeffer. Edited by Geffrey B. Kelly and F. Burton Nelson. US: Harper Collins, 1995.

Elshtain, Jean Bethke, Who are We? Critical Reflections and Hopeful Possibilities, UK: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2000.

Godsey, John D, The Theology of Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1958.