從企業策略觀點分析中外兵法思想—孫子兵法、戰爭論與五輪書之探討

A Research of Chinese and Foreign Ideologies on Art of War from Corporate Strategy Perspective—Comparative Analysis on Sun-Tze Art of War, Vom Kriege, and The Book of Five Rings（Golin Shiyo）

孔令民(Ling-Min Kung)

指導教授 ： 嚴奇峰

中原大學/商學院/企業管理研究所/碩士(2005年)

https://doi.org/10.6840/cycu200500437

摘要

吾國兵家之言多涉及治國，其重要性，歷代不衰，它不尚空談非常重視實效，是中國文化中很有價值的部份。從歷史經驗及教訓得知兵學的重要性，古今皆然，就連哈佛大學商學院亦將《孫子兵法》、《戰爭論》與《五輪書》三大兵書，列為學生研究策略必讀之書籍，其所蘊含的價值，除了軍事上、政治上、思想上、文學上外，兵法中強調綜合分析，全局把握情勢，在今天競爭激烈之企業經營上，更是不可忽略的經典參考。企業經營三大階段的經營決策、生產管理、產品銷售，兵法中的戰略思想、原則、方法，皆有可借鑑之處。而企業經營管理的主體是人，研究人、使用人、組織人的工作，也是兵法中所說將帥須必備的武德。商場如戰場，在戰場中，軍隊必須與敵國相爭，求取勝利；而在商場中，企業必須與競爭對手相爭，以求取顧客的青睞，獲得勝利。因此，針對戰場景況所撰之兵書，亦可為企業的經營及其他各方面提供許多的啟發。

　　本研究以質化之研究方法著墨於兵法與企業經營策略面之探討，從孫子的《孫子兵法》戰略思想作為出發點，比較分析日人宮本武藏的《五輪書》及德國克勞塞維茨的《戰爭論》等戰略思想，並與《策略九說》及《策略管理新論》等企業策略理論，就「兵法思想」的「論點(內容)/方法(運作)」－根據基本假設/前提、分析單位/構面因素、適用情境/條件、分析方法/特徵等做分類整理、歸納與分析比較，探討三大兵書「戰略思想」與企業「策略」之異同，並整合「兵法思想」及「企業策略」的架構分析與整理結果，推展出「中心思想」、「戰略架構」、「將帥才能」、「權衡利動」、「情報價值」、「作戰優勢」、「戰場攻防」、「詭道奇正」、「生態環境」九項策略，再由「企業策略」結合「兵法戰略思想」的角度來整合策略規劃流程，以「中心思想」策略獲知企業核心能力及所面臨之挑戰；藉「戰略架構」策略分析企業組織內外部氛圍明確界定問題；「將帥才能」策略選用各階層適合之幹部，構成堅強的協力共同體；「權衡利動」策略規劃各項可行方案；「情報價值」策略評估各項可行方案；並靈活運用「作戰優勢」、「戰場攻防」、「詭道奇正」、「生態環境」等策略，確定未來之目標及方向；更透過活性化組織來執行所確定之策略。最後，依研究觀念架構將兵法思想與企業策略比較分析作成結論，分別對兵法及策略提出建議。

關鍵字

孫子兵法 ； 戰爭論 ； 軍事戰略 ； 企業策略 ； 五輪書

並列摘要

The speeches of the military philosophy mostly involve running a country. Their importance does not wane in successive dynasties. Strictly speaking, military philosophy does not become a school of its own. However, its disregard of empty talk and emphasis on actual effects has become a valuable part of Chinese culture.The importance of the military philosophy is evidenced by the historical experiences and lessons, and even Harvard Business School classifies the top three military books, “Sun-Tze Art of War,” “Vom Kriege,” and “Golin Shiyo” as must-read books for the students who study strategy. On top of the values contained by them, militarily, politically, on the thought, and on literature, the synthetic analysis and the control taking of the overall situation emphasized by the art of war are undoubtedly the classical references that can never be ignored in today’s severe competition of enterprise management. The three major stages of business management, decision-making, production management, and product sales can draw lessons from strategic thought, principle, and method in the art of war. Besides, the main body of enterprise management is the people, studying people, using people, organizing work of people, corresponding to the indispensable military values that commander-in-chiefs must possess. The business world resembles the battlefield. In the battlefield, the army must fight with the enemy nations and win the war; while in the business world, enterprises must fight with the rival companies for customers’ recognition and obtain the victory. Thus, the book on military strategy and tactics written for the situation of a battlefield can also offer plenty of inspirations for the management of enterprises and other different fields.

This research, by qualitative study approach, focuses on the discussion of the art of war and enterprise’s management strategies. It takes the thought of “The Art of War” from the Epoch of Spring and Autumn as a starting point to compare with that of “Golin Shiyo” by Japanese Miyamoto Musasi and “Vom Kriege “ by German Karl Von Clausewitz. Centering around the “argument (content ) / method (operation )” of “military thought,” the research classifies, summarizes, and analyses two books, "The Nature of The Strategy " and " Strategic Management " based on basic assumptions /prerequisite , unit of analysis / composition factors, applicable situations / terms, analytical methods /characteristics ,etc. It also probes into the similarities and differences between the “strategic thoughts” of three major military books and the “strategy” of enterprises. Furthermore, it integrates the structures of “military thought” and “enterprise's strategies” and develops 9 strategies, “core understanding,” “strategic structure,” “capability of commander-in-chief,” “timely action,” “information value,” “combat advantage,” “battlefield offense/defense,” “deceitful dodge,” and “topographical environment.” Taking “business strategy” as the foundation, combining the perspective of “military strategic thought,” top management can integrate strategy and plan procedures. With “core understanding” strategy in mind, top management can learn enterprise core capabilities and facing challenges; with “strategic structure” in mind, top management can analyze internal/external organizational atmospheres and clearly define problems; with “capability of commander-in-chief” strategy in mind, top management can pick appropriate candidates for the cadre of each level, constituting a strong cooperative body; with “timely action” strategy in mind, top management can plan each alternative; with “information value” strategy in mind, top management can evaluate each alternative; use remaining strategies, “combat advantage,” “battlefield offense/defense,” “deceitful dodge,” and “topographical environment” with flexibility to confirm future goal and direction. And top management can execute the confirmed strategy through the activated organization. Finally, the researcher analyses and compares military philosophy and business strategies based on the conceptual framework and draws the conclusions, which offer the recommendations to the military philosophy and the strategies.

並列關鍵字

military strategy ； Vom Kriege ； business strategy ； The Book of Five Rings（Golin Shiyo） ； Sun-Tze Art of War

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