中 文 摘 要 一般對於《利維坦》的詮釋,皆未正視其中的宗教向度,更遑論探究霍布斯政治哲學內的神學意涵。從《利維坦》的封面插圖開始,讀者已然透過霍布斯的帶領之下而進入其在政治哲學上的獨到見解:人類的活動領域總是無可避免的產生鬥爭,因此利維坦(國家)將在保護全人類並促成永久和平的目的下被建立,而這樣的命令則來自於上帝。此外,霍布斯也聲稱他的政治論述中所有一切必須的法則和誡條都是從《聖經》中推論出來的。 霍布斯政治哲學的前提是自然狀態(state of nature)。霍布斯聲稱由於自然狀態內的人會陷入永無止境的戰爭狀態,在人人都恐懼死亡威脅的情況下,理性會導引人認識自然法,並根據自然法簽訂和平的契約,最終即進入公民社會(civil society)。二十世紀德國法學家卡爾‧施米特認出《利維坦》的政治哲學與基督教神學的關連性,他提出現代國家學說的所有精確概念都是世俗化的神學概念。首先,自然狀態對應著基督教的起點,亦即無中生有的創世,其次,公民社會則對應基督教的終點,亦即上帝的拯救;正是在這樣的意義下,霍布斯的《利維坦》恰恰是一本神學—政治論著。 本文主要分成兩個部分:《利維坦》的聖經詮釋和政治神學。
ABSTRACT The general understanding of Leviathan is seldom taken seriously within it the dimension of religion and the connotation of theology of Thomas Hobbes’s political theology. At the beginning of reading the copper-plate engraving on the title page of the first English edition of Leviathan, Hobbes introduced readers to his distinctive opinion on political theology: the bounds of mankind are always in the warfare, so Leviathan(State) will be established, under the order of God, for the purpose to led all humans into eternal peace. Additionally, Hobbes claimed that all laws and regulations in his political views are reasoned from the bible. The precondition of Thomas Hobbes’s political theology is the state of nature. It is his contention that the people in the state of nature would be at the condition called warfare; and such the warfare is endless. For fearing of death, Reason suggested that people endeavored to create a peaceful civil society by making a covenant. Carl Schmitt, the jurist in the 20th, recognized the relation between the political theology in Leviathan and the Christian theology; moreover, he claimed that all conceptions of modern state theory are the secularization of theological conceptions. First, the state of nature homologized the beginning, called genesis, of the Christian theology. Second, the civil society homologized the end, called salvation from God, of the Christian theology. Because of these meanings, Thomas Hobbes’s Leviathan is, needless to say, a theological-political book. This essay consists of two parts: the interpretation of the bible in Leviathan and its political theology.