以思考風格探討心智游移影響負向情緒的調節

Using Thinking Styles to Investigate How Mind Wandering Influence Negative Emotion Regulation

溫芳瑩(Fang-Ying Wen)

指導教授 ： 洪福建 ； 葉理豪

中原大學/理學院/心理學研究所/碩士(2015年)

https://doi.org/10.6840/CYCU.2015.00234

摘要

摘要

研究目的與背景:本研究的目的是藉由兩個實驗來探討心智游移的思考風格在情緒調節中所扮演的角色。過去的研究採用SART等注意力作業，顯示當個體在心智游移時，情緒較為低落 (Killingsworth & Gilbert, 2010)，以及經過負向情緒誘發的個體，出現較多的心智游移(Smallwood, O’Connor, Sudbery, & Obonsawin, 2007)。在實驗一中，我們嘗試採用了一個新的實驗派典，也就是倒數作業，以了解經過負向情緒誘發的個體是否出現較多的心智游移。除此之外，在實驗二中，我們引用Watkins及Teasdale (2001)等人有關反芻風格與情緒調節的研究，以便更進一步地分析是否不同的思考風格會影響心智游移的思緒內容，進而影響個體的情緒調節。Watkins及Teasdale (2001)以憂鬱症患者為樣本，發現思考風格可以分為分析式思考風格和經驗式思考風格，比起分析式思考風格，經驗式的思考風格更有利於情緒恢復。因此，在實驗二中，我們會分別誘發分析式與經驗式兩種思考風格予處於負向情緒下的兩組受試者，並且觀察是否接受經驗式思考風格誘發的個體有較佳的情緒調節。

方法:本研究分為兩個實驗。實驗一的獨變項為負向情緒的誘發，依變項為計數錯誤率、作業無關想法的頻率、情緒狀態(四次)。實驗流程如下: 一開始要求受試者報告的當下情緒狀態(基線)，之後將受試者隨機分派至負向情緒組或中性情緒組。負向情緒組的受試者接受負向情緒誘發作業，接著進行倒數作業以測量心智游移。實驗最後會請受試者填寫貝克憂鬱量表、貝克焦慮量表和反思反芻風格量表。共有40位受試者參與實驗一。實驗二的獨變項為思考風格(分析式、經驗式)與認知負荷量(高、低)，依變項為計數錯誤率、作業無關想法、情緒狀態(四次)以及生理回饋指標。實驗二共有67位受試者，每位受試者皆須誘發負向情緒，並且隨機分派至不同的思考風格和認知負荷量的組別，之後的流程與實驗一相似。

結果:實驗一的結果顯示處在負向情緒的個體，計數錯誤率較高，雖然他們在作業無關想法的頻率上沒有顯著差異。實驗二的研究結果則發現在低認知負荷量下，個體出現較多的作業無關想法。此外，只有在高認知負荷量的情況下，不同思考風格的誘發對個體的情緒調節才會有顯著的差異；分析式思考風格的個體較經驗式思考風格的個體有較佳的情緒調節效果。

討論:本研究以一個不同的研究派典，同樣地發現了當個體處在負向情緒中，會產生較多的心智游移。此外，我們也發現當個體執行控制資源較充足時，會出現較多作業無關想法。然而，與原先預期相反的是我們並沒有在低認知負荷組中發現思考風格對情緒調節的效果。相反地，我們在高認知負荷組中發現分析式思考風格的受試者有較佳的情緒調節效果。這個結果也與過去研究憂鬱症者反芻的結果有所差異。我們認為這樣的差異可能是由於本研究的受試者是一般的大學生而非憂鬱症患者，所以他們不會像反芻的個體一直圍繞在某些問題上不停打轉(Nolen-Hoeksema, Wisco, & Lyubomirsky, 2008)。另一個可能的因素是，經驗式思考風格的受試者似乎更能察覺身體的疲累或是自我的作業表現，因此才會有較差的情緒調節效果。

關鍵字

心智游移 ； 作業無關的想法 ； 情緒調節 ； 經驗式思考風格 ； 分析式思考風格

並列摘要

Abstract

Background: The purpose of this study was to utilize thinking style to investigate the role of mind wandering in emotion regulation. Previous studies using attentional tasks such as SART have found that when individuals mind wandered, they usually also felt unhappy (Killingsworth & Gilbert, 2010) and individuals who underwent negative mood induction would generate more Task Unrelated Thoughts (TUTs) (Smallwood, O ' Connor, Sudbery, & Obonsawin, 2007). In Experiment 1, we partially replicated previous studies by adopting a new experimental paradigm, counting backward task, to exam whether individuals would demonstrate more mind wandering when they are in negative mood. In the second experiment, the research findings from studies related to rumination and emotional regulation were utilized to exam whether and how different thinking styles influence mind wandering and emotional regulation. Watkins & Teasdale (2001) found that for depressed patients experiential thinking style, in comparison with the analytical thinking style, brought better emotional regulation. In the second experiment, participants who were emotionally negative were introduced to either analytical or experiential thinking style before the counting backward task. We predicted that participants who were introduced with experiential thinking style would show superior emotion regulation.

Methods: The study was divided into two experiments. In the experimental one, the independent variable was the negative mood induction; the dependent variable were counting error rate, the frequency of task-unrelated thought, and emotional state (four times). The experimental procedures were as follows: In the beginning, the participants were asked to report their emotional state (serve as baseline), and then the participants were randomly assigned to a negative emotion group or neutral emotion group. The subjects of negative emotion group were receiving the negative emotions induction, and then conducting the counting backward task to measure mind wandering. In the end of the experiment, participants were asked to fill in the Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory and Reflection-Rumination Style scale. A total of 40 subjects were participating in the experiment one. In the experiment two, independent variables were thinking styles (analytical, experiential) and cognitive loading (high, low), the dependent variables were the counting error rates, task unrelated thoughts, emotional state (four times) and the biofeedback indicators. A total of 67 subjects were in the second experiment, each subject were induced the negative emotion, and were randomly assigned to different thinking styles and cognitive load groups, the follower procedures were as same as experiment one.

Results: The results of experiment one showed that the individuals with negative mood showed higher counting error rates, although they did not show more TUTs than those with neutral mood. Moreover, the results of the second experiment showed that participants who were in the low cognitive loading condition showed more TUTs. Additionally, the effect of thinking style on emotional regulation reached significant only in the high cognitive loading condition in which participants who adopted analytical thinking style show better emotional regulation then those who adopted experiential thinking style.

Discussion: In this study, through a new experiment paradigm, counting backward task, we found that when people were in a negative mood, they would have more mind wandering. Additionally, we also found that when people had sufficient executive resource, they would show more TUTs. However, contrary to our prediction, we did not find any effect of thinking styles on mood regulation in the low cognitive loading condition. Instead, we found that the people with analytical thinking style had a better emotional regulation effects in high cognitive loading condition. This result differs from the previous studies related with rumination. We think the differences may due to our subjects are the normal college students rather than depressive patients who tend to ruminate on certain past events again and again (Nolen-Hoeksema, Wisco, & Lyubomirsky, 2008). Another possible reason is that the people who were introduced to experiment thinking style were more aware of the physical fatigue or their own task performance, therefore, showed poor emotional regulation.

並列關鍵字

experiential thinking style ； emotion regulation ； mind wandering ； task- unrelated thought ； analytical thinking style

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