憂鬱傾向大學生於社會排除/接納人際脈絡下的情緒反應之研究

Emotional reactivity to the interpersonal contexts of social exclusion/acceptance in dysphoric undergraduate students

陳韻如(Yun-Ju Chen)

指導教授 ： 洪福建

中原大學/理學院/心理學研究所/碩士(2015年)

https://doi.org/10.6840/CYCU.2015.00237

摘要

研究背景與目的：學者論述憂鬱心情與情緒間關係出現兩種相異的觀點，一為心情一致性假說(mood congruency hypothesis)，說明心情狀態與情緒刺激所引發的情緒狀態正負價位一致時，該情緒即增強反應，不一致時該情緒即弱化呈現；二為憂鬱心情者對情緒脈絡不敏感假說(Emotion Context Insensitivity, ECI)，提出憂鬱傾向使個體對情緒刺激無法產生相對應的情緒強度、反倒弱化，且無法視脈絡產生有區別的情緒反應。多數研究支持後者假說，但仍有分歧之處，特別是負向情緒脈絡部分，一方面情緒反應是鈍化、抑或敏感仍有爭議，研究指出不同性質的負向情緒脈絡可能有不同反應；另一方面支持ECI的實驗證據中心理生理反應分析出現相異結果。此外，少有人際方面情緒脈絡之探討，其中社會排除是憂鬱或憂鬱傾向者常見的人際壓力經驗。故本研究目的主要探究憂鬱傾向者遭社會排除、此負向情緒脈絡下的情緒反應，欲於人際脈絡驗證ECI，並有助瞭解憂鬱傾向者情緒反應在人際歷程中的角色。
研究方法：本研究參與者為90位中原大學學生，採用2×3×3三因子混合的實驗設計(組別×社會排除情境×實驗階段)，受試者間變項包含憂鬱傾向和控制兩組別、以及完全排除/均等接納/完全接納三種線上投球實驗情境，受試者內變項為三個實驗階段：基準期、刺激期、恢復期。依變項包含測量自陳情緒反應、四種基本需求感受程度、及心理生理反應和心率變異性指標。以三因子混合設計變異數分析變項間之差異效果；並統計控制基準期，以二因子共變數分析檢驗刺激期、恢復期中組別和實驗情境的效果。
研究結果：兩組於實驗情境自陳快樂和難過情緒變化方向並無明顯區別，憂鬱傾向者刺激期時完全接納情境中快樂反應與控制組相當，均等接納情境中快樂情緒提升程度較弱於控制組且於恢復期明顯下降，部分支持正向削弱假設；完全排除情境明顯誘發憂鬱傾向者更高的生氣情緒反應，支持負向增強假設。生理層次的情緒反應，兩組唯一顯著差異在於均等接納情境中，憂鬱傾向呼吸速率反應率明顯低於控制組，僅此部分支持反應弱化的假設；恢復期時憂鬱傾向者皮膚電位反應有恢復鈍化現象，均等接納情境中亦見呼吸速率恢復鈍化情形。
討論：本研究未有明顯證據支持ECI，雖自陳情緒部分傾向支持心情一致假設，但仍有未完全符合的部分，顯示兩種假設非絕對一致適用，未來研究可能須整合地考量情境本身的性質，或可能的調節因素。另外，提出均等接納情境別於完全接納情境出現組別間差異、自陳報告和生理層次情緒變化方向未必一致、憂鬱傾向者恢復期情緒反應等現象予以探討。

關鍵字

社會排除 ； 對情緒脈絡不敏感假說 ； 心情一致性假說 ； 憂鬱傾向 ； 人際脈絡 ； 線上投球遊戲 ； 社會接納 ； 情緒 ； 心情 ； 憂鬱

並列摘要

Background：Researchers studying depression have increasingly sought to clarify how this mood disorder alters emotional reactivity. One of hypotheses is “Emotion Context Insensitivity (ECI)”. It predicts that individuals experiencing a sad mood will show diminished reactivity to emotionally evocative stimuli and will not differentiate emotional responses across contexts. Another hypothesis is “Mood Congruency ”. It predicts emotional reactions are strengthened when mood state and emotional state are congruent and are weakened when they are incongruent. Although most studies support the ECI hypothesis, there are some inconsistent findings, especially in negative emotional contexts. For one thing, emotional reactivity which is either blunted or enhanced is still controversial. Recent study suggests stimulus of different nature will lead to different reactivity. For another, psychophysiological analyses indicate significant heterogeneity. Besides, interpersonal aspect of emotional context is few explored. Social exclusion is one of common interpersonal stressors to depressed or dysphoric people. Therefore, the present study will aim at examining emotional reactivity of dysphoric participants after social exclusion in order to test ECI hypothesis on interpersonal context and contribute to understanding the role of emotion reactivity in interpersonal process of dysphoria.
Method：90 participants are recruited from students of Chung-Yuan-Christian University. This study is a 2×3×3 three-way mixed experimental design (groups × conditions of exclusion × experimental phases). Inter-variables include dysphoric/ non-dysphoric groups and conditions of complete exclusion/ equal acceptance/ complete acceptance. Intra-variables include three experimental phases: baseline, stimuli, and recovery phase. Dependent variables include self-report emotional reactivity, levels of four fundamental needs and psychophysiological reaction. The methodology used in this research is three-way mixed design of ANOVA and two-way design of ANCOVA data analysis.
Result：Compared to non-dysphoric group, dysphoric group reported higher anger and in the condition of complete exclusion and less elevation of happy in the condition of equal acceptance. Dysphoric group’ happy feeling declined during the recovery phase, particularly evident in the condition of equal acceptance. The self-report data tended to support negative potentiation hypothesis and provided partial support to positive attenuation hypothesis. Only in the condition of equal acceptance, dysphoric group’s reactivity rate of respiration rate was significantly lower than non-dysphoric group. It tended to support the hypothesis of reactivity attenuation. Besides, dysphoric group had blunted recovery of skin conductance. There was blunted recovery of respiration rate in dysphoric group in the condition of equal acceptance.
Discussion：Even though our data tended to support mood congruency, especially self-reported emotional reactivity, there were results still incompletely consistent with the hypothesis. Hence, understanding the nature of stimuli, or thinking of moderators between self-reported and psychophysiological reactivity that lead to blunted or enhanced emotional reactivity will provide better insight into dysfunctional emotional experience in depressed/dysphoric people. In addition, we discuss the issues of difference between group in the condition of equal acceptance, self-report and physiological emotional reactivity necessarily matched, and dysphoria group’s emotional reactivity during the recovery phase.

並列關鍵字

social acceptance ； Emotion Context Insensitivity (ECI) ； interpersonal context ； Cyberball ； dysphoria ； social exclusion ； mood ； depression ； emotion ； mood congruency hypothesis

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