- 學位論文
麻瘋樹籽油之高效與安全萃取溶劑之探討
High Efficiency and safety oil extraction solvent for Jatropha seeds
摘要
由於溫室效應的影響以及能源危機的趨勢，生質能源的開發與應用成為現今研究的目標。麻瘋樹為一種多用途的大戟科植物，其種籽內的含油量大約為40%~41%，可作為生質柴油之原料，又因為是非糧食作物，使得麻瘋樹為現今理想的能源作物之一。然而現今工業大多使用正己烷成為植物油萃取溶劑，但是正己烷為一個空氣有害汙染物，並且對人體健康以及操作安全上造成威脅，因此尋找替代溶液以提高其操作安全與萃取效率為本研究主要的目標。異丙醇被發現在溶液萃取上擁有許多優點，視為一個可行的取代溶液，但因為蒸氣壓太低造成分離上的困難，加上所萃取出來油品的品質與使用正己烷萃取比較起來還有一段差距。本研究並發現在2小時時正己烷達到萃取平衡；異丙醇為4~6小時。本研究嘗試利用異丙醇蒸氣壓較低的優點與正己烷以不同比例混合（20%、40%、60%與80%）尋找適合取代正己烷的替代溶液。從蒸氣壓量測的實驗中發現異丙醇與正己烷的混合為一個非理想溶液，為一正偏差溶液。在固定時間下（2小時）進行萃取，所得的油品產率會隨著混入異丙醇的濃度增加而增加。本研究也嘗試利用回應曲面法發展一套數學模式，其參數X1（萃取時間）影響較其它參數顯著，儘管R2值只有0.87，但實際產率與透過數學式所得的預測產率值相當，證明其數學模式的精確度。在油品的測試發現其油品中游離脂肪酸的含量會隨著混入異丙醇的量增加而增加；磷脂含量在混合液20%與50%時並無太大的差異，在混合液80%時有明顯下降的趨勢。透過單一變數實驗與回應曲面法實驗，發現異丙醇與正己烷混合濃度60%~80%之液體，俱有取代正己烷成為萃取溶劑之可能。
並列摘要
Due to the greenhouse effect and the energy crisis trends, biomass energy development and application become more important. Jatropha's seed have about 40% to 41% oil, can be used as biodiesel, and because it's non-food crops, making Jatropha become an ideal energy source. However, today's industrial using hexane as the extraction solvent to extract vegetable oil, but n-hexane as a hazardous air pollutant, and not good for human health and operational safety. For this study is looking for alternative solutions to improve the safety of operation and the efficiency. Isopropanol is found that has many advantages as a viable alternative solution, but because of low vapor pressure caused by the difficulties of separation, with the quality of the extracted oil was extracted with n-hexane is also compared. The study present concurrently achieved the extraction equilibrium in 2 hours with hexane; isopropanol is 4 to 6 hours. This study used Isopropanol mixed with n-Hexane in different proportions (20%, 40%, 60% and 80%) looking for an alternative to replace the n-hexane. From the measurement of vapor pressure mixture of Isopropanol and n-hexane as a non-ideal solution, the solution is a positive deviation. In the fixed time (2 hours) for extraction, the oil yield will increase when the concentrations of isopropanol increase. The study also tried to use response surface methodology to develop a mathematical model, and the parameters X1 (extraction time) is more affecting than others, although R2 value is only 0.87, the actual yield and the predicted by mathematical formulas are almost the same. This study also found the free fatty acid content in the oil will increase when the mixed with Isopropanol increase; phospholipid content in mixed 20% and 50% had no difference but the mixture in 80% had a clear downward trend. Through a single variable experiment and RSM experiments found that the concentration mixed in 60% to 80% have the possibility to replaced n-hexane as the extraction solvent.