- 學位論文
萊辛與德國啟蒙運動下的神學論戰－ 從《殘篇》論爭到劇作《智者納坦》
G. E. Lessing and the Theological Disputes under the Enlightenment of German －From the Controversy of Fragments to the Drama of Nathan of the Wise
摘要
萊辛（G. E. Lessing）是德國十八世紀著名的文學家、評論家和思想家，受當時啟蒙運動盛行的理性主義所影響，也反思理性帶來的限制，是德國狂飆運動的先驅。德國的知識份子大都把關注放在文化思想上，跟英法不同，這跟德國的政治、經濟與社會發展落後有關，它走出一條不同於英法的啟蒙。在宗教上，受到理性主義的影響，產生了神學上極大的爭論，到底聖經中所記載的歷史真理，能不能成為啟蒙運動用理性定義的真理之證明，建構基督教的基礎幾乎瓦解。德國因為有萊布尼茲的思想背景，發展出對立宗教觀的調和。 萊辛透過出版萊馬盧斯（Hermann Samuel Reimarus）的《殘篇》（Fragments），以及與之後正統派神學家論戰的文章，一方面提醒正統派不要用老舊的方式回應時代的挑戰，真理應該是不斷追尋，而非佔有，一方面要提防新義派用理性思想扭曲基督教的教義。他自己也試圖去調和歷史真理與理性真理之間的分裂，歷史在信仰中並不是沒有價值，它提供了人經驗信仰真理的途徑。 在《智者納坦》（Nathan the Wise）中，萊辛更用戲劇與寓言的方式表達了他對宗教寬容與道德實踐的神學概念，擴展與延伸了《殘篇》論戰的神學內涵，並回應了宗教改革後對不同教派迫害的問題。 關鍵字：萊辛、啟蒙運動、殘篇、歷史真理、理性真理、智者納坦、宗教寬容
並列摘要
Gotthold Ephraim Lessing was a distinguished German writer, philosopher, and art critic in eighteenth century. Influenced by the current rationalism in the Enlightenment era, Lessing meditated the limitations generated by being rational and became one of the forerunners of Storm and Stress (Sturm and Drang) in Germany. Intellectuals in Germany concerned more about culture and philosophy thinking than that of the England and France, for in Germany the politics, economics and society did not develop as well as the England and France. The Enlightenment in Germany was distinct from that in the England and France. Theology became controversial because of the impact brought by rationalism. The question whether the facts in history recorded in the Bible could be proven to be the same as the truth defined by reason of the Enlightenment almost broke the foundation that helped to build Christianity. Affected by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, harmony could be achieved between the opposite religion thoughts. Through publishing Hermann Samuel Reimarus’s Fragments and other articles to debate with the theologians of orthodoxy, Lessing reminded them not to meet the contemporary challenge with outmoded ways. Truths should be constantly pursued rather then be occupied. On the other hand, Lessing also strove to prevent the Neology from twisting the doctrines of Christian with the thoughts of reason. Lessing himself also tried to establish a harmony between the truths of history and the truths of reason. History is valuable in religion, for history offers the path to experience believing in truth. In Nathan the Wise, Lessing expresses his theological thoughts of religious tolerance and moral practice in the way of drama and fable. He expanded and lengthened the connotation discussed in Fragments, and responded to the problems that different religious sects persecuted one another after Protestant Reformation. Keywords: Lessing, Enlightenment, Fragments, the truths of history, the truths of reason, Nathan the Wise, religious tolerance
參考文獻
延伸閱讀
- 俞秀青（2009）。林美虹《布蘭詩歌》現代與中世紀共通的迷亂人生德國達姆市國家劇院演出卡爾•奧福經典。PAR表演藝術雜誌，(198)，114-116。https://doi.org/10.29527/PAR.200906.0049
- 陸敬忠（2021）。從法蘭克福到耶拿時期黑格爾辯證法觀念前史：實體至精神之典範轉移。哲學與文化，48(5)，109-129。https://www.airitilibrary.com/Article/Detail?DocID=10158383-202105-202106010009-202106010009-109-129
- 鄺可怡（2015）。世界主義的沉思－論歐洲戰後保爾．穆杭小說及其中文翻譯的生成與傳播。現代中文文學學報，12(2)，47-71。https://www.airitilibrary.com/Article/Detail?DocID=10265120-201506-201508070012-201508070012-47-71
- 方子毓（2014）。The Industrial Development Related to the German Empire's World Policy from the End of the 19th Century to the Early Years of the 20th Century。人文社會科學研究，8(2)，105-132。https://doi.org/10.6284/NPUSTHSSR.2014.8(2)6
- 葉陽明（2007）。German Ultra-Right Doctrine and Political Parties after the Second World War and Their Challenge to Constitutional Democracy。社會科學論叢，1(1)，33-93。https://doi.org/10.30401/RSS.200704_1(1).0002