心理病態人格特質、同理與助人行為之關聯性研究：同理—態度—行動模型之探討

A Study on the Relationship of Psychopathic Traits, Empathy and Prosocial Behavior: An Investigation of Empathy-Attitude-Action Model

廖婉婷(Wan-Ting Liao)

指導教授 ： 鄭谷苑

中原大學/理學院/心理學研究所/碩士(2020年)

https://doi.org/10.6840/cycu202000207

摘要

本研究主要想了解同理與助人行為之間的關係。換句話說，我們想了解，激發高度的同理是否也可以引發大量的助人行為？或者，助人行為不必然與同理有關。過去同理的研究顯示，同理的主要分成可再分為認知同理及情感同理兩部分。在討論同理的這兩個成分時，文獻顯示具有心理病態人格特質，但在社會上被視為成功者，被觀察到在情感同理上的能力較弱，但認知同理的能力，則與一般人相當，故本研究想要藉由這個族群，來了解從同理到助人行為的運作機制。而Baston (2002) 提出同理-態度-行動模型中指出，同理誘發後必定會經過態度的改變，才能進而影響助人行為。本研究同時也想要驗證此模式。此外，我們也想了解是否有些因素能夠預測助人行為。最後也想藉本研究了解心理病態人格特質者在助人行為表現的型態。
　　本研究的參與對象為非臨床樣本共132人，依據精神病態人格特質清單（PPI-R）總分，分成高心理病態人格特質組（34人）及低心理病態人格特質組（36人）進行人格特質與同理成分間的相關研究與分析。後續，我們以101人，在正式實驗共中進行變項的操弄，分析助人的效果與行為模式。在研究預試階段，先蒐集參與者基本資料、人格特質、並進行態度量表的施測。間隔一週後進入正式實驗，讓參與者閱讀三種不同主題的故事（家暴受害者、重鬱症伴隨自殺行為者、更生人），並操弄故事主角是否需要負責，作為實驗的獨變項。閱讀故事後，參與者進行不同觀點的書寫（「我」觀點／「他」觀點），以誘導他們以「同理」或「客觀」的角度來看待故事中的角色。完成之後請參與者評估自身情緒狀態，並且評定對該族群態度，最後，決定是否要進行代幣捐款。捐款行為就是實驗的依變項。
　　研究結果顯示心理病態人格特質與同理有負相關，尤其是情感同理，而對於認知同理來說高低心理病態人格特質者之間無顯著相關。分析高、低心理病態人格特質組在閱讀不同類別故事情況下，操弄故事主角的責任與否、以及參與者的觀點，結果發現在家暴受害者故事中﹐皆無顯著效果。而針對重鬱症伴隨自殺行為者的故事中，故事主角是否須負責任有主要效果。在更生人的故事中則有三階交互作用。了解助人行為的預測力上，結果發現個體的同理與對族群的態度有正相關，但態度與捐款行為則無顯著關係，後續分析三個不同故事，發現有部分題項有解釋力，但整體態度並不具預測力。
　　本研究的結果支持心理病態人格特質較高者，在整體同理及情感同理的表現較對照組差，但在認知同理的表現則並無缺損。在同理到助人行為上發現，當面對爭議性較小且熟悉度高的家暴族群時，不管給予同理操弄或是認知訊息都無顯著的效果；但對於爭議性較大的重鬱症族群，給與認知訊息（故事主角負責與否）則會改變捐款；而對於較不熟悉更生人族群中，則發現個體認知同理較高的情況下，給予情感同理的操弄及認知的訊息，可以提升個體捐款的數量。另外也發現要藉由誘發同理影響助人行為的歷程，不必然與當時對族群態度具有一致性，表示當我們要進行捐款時不必然需經過態度的改變。最後在心理病態人格特質在捐款行為上發現，高心理病態人格特質組的人有表現出公眾利社會行為的趨勢。也就是助人時不選擇匿名，而傾向於讓其助人行為為公眾所知。

關鍵字

同理 ； 認知同理 ； 情感同理 ； 心理病態人格特質 ； 態度 ； 利社會行為 ； 助人行為

並列摘要

The purpose of current research is to understand the relationship between empathy and prosocial behavior. To be more specific, could high empathy trigger more helping behavior, or empathy is not a necessity for helping out? Literature shows that empathy can be further categorized as cognitive empathy and affective empathy. While discussing the differences between these two kinds of empathy, people who have psychopathic traits and are identified as winners in the society are found to show low ability of affective empathy. However, their cognitive empathy is quite the same as people who don’t have high psychopathic traits. With participants with high psychopathic traits, the current research wants to understand the mechanism between empathy and prosocial behavior. We would also like to examine the Empathy-Attitude- Action Model proposed by Baston (2002), especially on the point that induced empathy can produce more positive attitude and then result in more helping behavior. In addition, we would also like to investigate possible predicting factors for prosocial behavior, especially with successful psychopaths.
The total of 132 participants are non-clinical samples. They were further divided into psychopathy groups (34 people) and control group (36 people) by Psychopathic Personality Inventory-Revised (PPI-R) and then assessed on the relationship between psychopathic personality and empathy. 101 participant completed the experiment and their data were include in the analysis to test the effect on helping behavior. In pilot study, we collected participants’ basic information, and completed their personality and attitude assessment. one week after the pilot, participants were invited back for the experiment. They were instructed to read three scenarios (a person who had domestic violence experience; a person who was diagnosed major depression disorder with suicidal behavior; an ex-offender). After reading the materials, participants have to write what they feel through the first-person perspective/ third-person perspective to see if the main characters need to responsible for the scenarios. Through this process, inducing participants were induced either to be empathic with or objective to the characters in the stories. Participants’ empathy and emotional status were measured, as well as their attitude toward the group. Finally, they needed to decide whether or not, and how much they would like to donate (with tokens) to respective groups.
As a replicate to past research, the result showed negative correlation between psychopathic traits and empathy, especially for the affective empathy. However, the cognitive empathy is no significant different between psychopathy group and control group. For domestic violence scenario, no significant results were found by the three IVs; For major depression disorder scenario, “responsibility or not” showed significant main effect; And a 3-way interaction was found in the ex-offender scenario. For possible predicting factor for prosocial behavior, the result finds that individual empathy is positively related to participants' attitudes toward the group; however, the attitude has no significant effect on r donation. By comparing the three stories, the result showed some items are explanatory, but the overall attitude is not a predictor.
The overall result supports that the people who be identified as high- psychopathic traits had weaker affective empathy and integrate empathy compared with control group. But there is no effect in the performance of cognitive empathy. On the relationship between empathy and prosocial behavior, the result shows when participants facing a low-conflicted and familiar domestic violence group no significant effect were found no matter giving empathic manipulate or cognitive information. While facing high-conflicted major depression with suicidal behavior group, participants will tend to donate if they received cognitive information. For the ex-offender case which most participants were not familiar with, the result showed, with high level of cognitive empathy, more empathic perspective, and receiving cognitive information, the combination of these three factors can increase the quantity of donation. Moreover, the result also finds attitude change is not a necessity in the process of inducing empathy to increase helping behavior. In other words, it means people do not need to experience an attitude change when they want to donate. Finally, the result finds the donation behavior by the psychopathic traits people, higher-level people tend to express public prosocial behavior. They chose to make their helping behavior known to the public rather than to be anonymous.

並列關鍵字

Empathy ； Cognitive empathy ； Affective empathy ； Psychopathic traits ； attitude ； prosocial behavior ； helping behavior

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