華人樂觀與悲觀特質之量表編製

The Chinese optimistic and Pessimistic Traits: The Development and Validation of a News Scale

江靜儀(Chi-Yi Chiang)

中原大學/理學院/心理學研究所/碩士(2012年)

https://doi.org/10.6840/cycu201200862

摘要

本研究主旨在依循本土化研究路徑，從中國傳統文化脈絡對於樂與悲的詮釋，探索華人的樂觀與悲觀特質內涵，編訂可供後續研究所用的本土性樂悲量表。研究者根據此研究目的設計三個階段性研究，分別以質化和量化的實證研究策略，瞭解華人的樂觀與悲觀特質內涵，編訂「華人樂觀與悲觀特質量表」。研究一以「字義與諺語分析」、「開放性問卷」、及「訪談」等方式建構本量表之概念架構。樂觀特質為「自在和諧」、「樂觀知足」、「正向人際」及「積極進取」；悲觀特質為「多愁善感」、「悲觀負念」、「憐憫他人」、及「消極逃避」。研究二根據文獻探討與字義分析結果，初步編製「華人樂觀與悲觀特質量表」。以大學生360人與社會成人284人為樣本施測，以確認本量表之信度與效度，亦發現樂觀與悲觀特質為華人性格向度結構之一。研究三則以社會成人與大學生各220人重新施測，檢驗樂觀分量表α值為.953，悲觀分量表為.910。四周後重測，樂觀分量表的重測信度為.831，悲觀分量表為.760。從驗證性因素分析結果發現，樂觀特質組成為「自在和諧」、「樂觀知足」、「正向人際」、及「積極進取」此外，亦從此分析可知，樂觀與悲觀特質為兩個的性格向度。本研究以「生活取向量表」、「心理韌性量表」、及「個人傳統性與現代性量表」作為效標，檢驗本量表的效標關聯性效度。從相關分析結果可知，測量氣質性樂觀的「生活取向量表」與觀察心理復原力的「心理韌性量表」此類同質量表與本量表有高相關。然而「個人傳統性與現代性量表」此類主旨在測量雙文化自我概念的量表則與本量表有低相關。此外，從本量表與氣質性樂觀及心理韌性間相關程度可知，樂觀與悲觀特質確實與個人生活適應能力有所關聯性。本量表所測得的悲觀特質，則較樂觀特質與傳統性自我概念有著顯著相關。

關鍵字

樂觀 ； 悲觀

並列摘要

This study aims to follow indigenous studies way. By this way, the researcher could explain the conceptions of Chinese’s optimism and pessimism, and editing “The Indigenous optimism and pessimism scale.” The researcher bases on this research target to divide three stages of research. They are the empirical study of using qualitative and quantify methods. That purpose is to know the content of Chinese’s optimism and pessimism, and complied by “The Chinese Optimism and Pessimism Traits Scale.” In study 1, the researcher uses the ways of “meaning analysis of words and proverbs,” “open-ended questionnaires,” and “interview” to construct the framework of this scale. The traits of “optimism” are “comfortable,” “satisfied,” “positive human interacting,” and “aggressive;” The traits of pessimism are “sentimental,” “negative expect,” “pity others,” and “retreat.” In study 2, according to literature review and content analysis, the researcher makes primarily version of “ The Chinese Optimism and Pessimism Traits Scale.” The sample result of this scale was from analyzing 360 college’s students and 284 adults. It could be confirmed the reliability and validity of this scale. It also is found “optimism” and “pessimism” are two traits of Chinese’s personal dimensions. The final study stage, the researcher collected data from 220 adults and 220 college’s students, the results show “The Optimism Subscale’ α values is .953, “The Pessimism Subscale” is .910. After four weeks, the test-retest reliability of “The Optimism Subscale” is .831, and “The Pessimism Subscale is .760. It is found from these examined factor analyzing, the optimism trait components are “comfortable,” “satisfied,” “positive human interacting,” “aggressive.” The pessimism traits are “sentimental,” “negative expect” and “retreat.” Optimism and pessimism are related. The study also adds “The Revised Life Orientation Test” of dispositional optimism; in addition, the study also uses “The Resilience Scale” to measure the psychological tenacity when people face with life stress. Furthermore, they are also selected Multidimensional Scale of Chinese Individual Traditionality (MS-CIT) and Multidimensional Scale of Chinese Individual Modernity (MS-CTH) as criterion. According to the relations among the optimism trait, dispositional optimism, and psychological tenacity, they are also related with personal life-adapted ability. However, the pessimism traits that have deep relevant with Chinese traditional culture origin, it connects with traditional self-conception.

並列關鍵字

pessimism ； optimism

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