臺海兩岸對菲律賓華文教育援助之比較研究－以菲華文教中心與菲律賓華文教育研究中心為例

The Comparison of Chinese Education Aid to the Philippines between Taiwan and Mainland China

張榮顯(JUNG-HSIEN CHANG)

指導教授 ： 夏誠華

中原大學/人文與教育學院/應用華語文研究所/碩士(2013年)

https://doi.org/10.6840/CYCU.2013.00360

摘要

菲律賓約有一百二十萬華人，華文教育發展已逾百年，美國統治時期，教育政策自由開放，1912年中華民國建立，東南亞華人民族主義高漲，華社大量創辦華文學校，藉由推動華文教育，表達其國族認同，二次大戰期間，華校飽受摧殘，戰後，為了滿足華人子弟學習華文的需求，菲律賓華社在中華民國僑務委員會的協助之下，華校紛紛成立，七零年代馬可仕推行華校菲化政策，授課時數被壓縮，侷限了華校進一步的發展，此外，華語非升學考試科目與教材不適切性等困境使菲律賓華校的學生學習動機薄弱、華語水平每下愈況，再加上華校教師待遇不如從事工商業者，致使師資缺乏，從僑務政策的觀點來看「無僑教即無僑務」，海外的華裔子弟若無法持續接受中華文化的薰陶，久而久之將失去華人的特質，逐漸和當地社會同化，海外僑社的結構也會跟著改變，將不利僑務政策的推行，僑委會秉持服務海外僑胞的想法，持續深耕菲律賓的華文教育，而近年來隨著中國大陸經濟崛起，中國國僑辦、漢辦提供菲律賓華文教育的資源也越來越多，不論是教材、師資、或是舉辦各種夏令營活動，都讓臺灣僑委會備感壓力，民進黨執政時期，強調臺灣本土化，對海外僑務推展、僑民教育重視程度稍弱，也漸漸失去深耕多時，本來佔有優勢的僑教市場，勢力範圍此消彼長，僑委會在經營海外僑民教育漸有力有未逮之勢，本文欲整理出兩岸對菲律賓華文教育的資源輸出，透過文獻資料的蒐集，勾勒出臺灣和中國大陸對菲律賓華文教育輸出的模式和內容，並訪談兩岸三地有關菲律賓華文教育的相關單位後，更深入了解各自提供的教育援助，釐清臺灣方面目前的優勢、劣勢，以及有什麼資源重疊的地方，也是否有可以向對岸借鑒學習之處，提供相關單位作為擬定在菲律賓推動華語文教育政策之參考。

關鍵字

華文教材 ； 志願者教師 ； 替代役 ； 菲律賓 ； 華文教育

並列摘要

There are about 1.2 million Chinese people living in the Philippines. The development of Chinese education has over a hundred years. During the period of American Occupation, the education policies in the Philippines were of no limit and open. With the founding of the Republic of China in 1912, Chinese people in Southeast Asia were enthusiastic in the Chinese nationalism. The Chinese communities established a large variety of Chinese schools to promote Chinese education and express the sense of national identity with new China.
Chinese schools were severely war-torn during World War II. After the war, in order to meet the education need for Chinese children, Chinese communities in the Philippines set up schools with the help of Overseas Chinese Affairs Council from the Republic of China. In the 1970s, President Marcos put forward policies to Philippinalize Chinese schools. Teaching hours were reduced, and thus the further development of Chinese schools was limited. Besides, Chinese was not a compulsory subject in admission exams and its teaching materials were inappropriate. Students of Chinese schools in the Philippines were learning less actively and their Chinese level was gone from bad to worse due to such predicaments. What's worse, poorer salaries compared with businessmen leaded to lack of qualified teachers in Chinese schools. According to relevant policies, overseas Chinese affairs will not be effectively implemented without stable Chinese education quality. If overseas Chinese children cannot be continuously influenced by Chinese culture, they will lose Chinese characteristics as time passes and be assimilated into the local society. Accordingly, the structure of overseas Chinese communities will change, which has passive impact on implementing overseas Chinese policies. Overseas Chinese affairs Council of Republic of China upheld the concept of serving overseas Chinese and continuing focusing on Chinese education in the Philippines. In recent years, with the economic rise of China, Overseas Chinese Affairs Office of The State Council and Hanban are providing richer resources from teaching materials and qualified teachers to various summer camps. Overseas Chinese Affairs Council therefore is under severe stress. In the years of Democratic Progressive Party's governing, the indigenization of Taiwan was emphasized. Overseas Chinese affairs promotion and Chinese education were less focused. Accordingly, the market dominance which had been rooted for a long time was gradually lost. Its sphere of influence was shifting and Overseas Chinese Affairs Council was inadequate in operating overseas Chinese education.
This thesis aims to provide a comprehensive view about how to reorganize the resources exporting to the Philippines from Taiwan and China, and outline their modes and contents through the collection of relevant literatures and data. To interview relevant units in Taiwan, China and the Philippines, the author intents to have a deeper look at their Chinese education aid to the Philippines respectively, lay out the dominant and inferior positions for Taiwan, find out the possible overlapping resources, and learn from each other, thus to make a reference for relevant policy making.

並列關鍵字

teaching materials ； volunteer Chinese teacher ； the Philippines ； Chinese Education ； Alternative military service

參考文獻

高崇雲、高欣、高鵬翔(2010)。海外華文教育的回顧與展望。中原華語文學

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林惠音（2011）。宿務華校「識簡書正」與「識正書簡」教學之個案研究。

張愛群（2007）。兩岸對外華語文教學策略之研究。國立臺灣師範大學政治

參考文獻