考量品質遞減及不確定性的多目標多期食品供應鏈規劃模型建構

由於全球暖化，環境因素成為供應鏈管理中新興的重要課題。在優化整體供應鏈以獲取最大利益的同時，也開始研究如何減少供應鏈中二氧化碳的排放量，將環境因素納入整體供應鏈的規劃，使得最佳化產生新的多目標挑戰。因食品本身具有品質遞減的特性，供應鏈中的食品損失對環境也是一大負擔，雖可在運輸與儲存的過程中使用冷鏈減緩其品質遞減速度並減少損失，然而其耗能的特性導致所排放的二氧化碳是遠高於品質固定的供應鏈。食品供應鏈中通常可透過品質高低去區分市場，亦或將其進行加工以延長保存的期限，減少食品損失與浪費。有鑑於此，本研究以多目標混整數線性規劃建構多期及加工與鮮食混和產品的品質差異化供應鏈模型，並應用LP-metrics與ε-限制法分別優化互相矛盾的目標：最大化總利潤與最小化二氧化碳的排放量。同時，將供給、需求以及排碳視為不確定性因素，並應用區間與模糊規劃分別進行求解，此外食品品質遞減的特性將以機率型式考量於模型中，並結合批量生產、存貨管理與退貨再製等議題，以實務條件驗證模型的可行性。結果發現，可以應用LP-metrics與ε-限制法兩種多目標規劃方法犧牲少部分的利潤以達到有效減碳。確定性模型中，ε-限制法、LP-metrics以及碳費政策皆可以減少碳排放。不確定性模型中應用ε-限制法可以在碳排放量上最低減少19%；LP-metrics則是可以最低減少13%，但碳費政策則無法在不確定性中減少碳排放量，反而增加整體供應鏈營運上的成本。透過兩種多目標求解方法與碳費政策進行綜整比較，發現碳費的徵收對於目前以環境優先的淨零思維是明顯不足的。

關鍵字

食品供應鏈；品質遞減；選址問題；碳排放；多目標規劃

並列摘要

Due to global warming, environmental factors have become an emerging and important topic in supply chain management and also created new challenges with multi-objectives for optimization. In addition to optimizing the overall supply chain to obtain maximum benefits, people are also beginning to pay attention to how to reduce CO2 emissions. Due to the characteristics of diminishing quality, the food supply chain needs to pay more attention to the environmental factors. Regardless of the process of transportation and storage, the amount of carbon dioxide emitted to maintain quality is higher than that a fixed quality supply chain. Food waste in the supply chain is a major burden to the environment, but it can be reduced by differentiating the market with quality or by processing it to extend its shelf life. Therefore, this study develops a multi-objective integer linear planning model (MOILP) for a multi-period, multi-type products in food supply chain, while optimizing two conflicting objectives: maximum supply chain profits and minimum supply chain CO2 emissions. At the same time, under the uncertainty of supply, demand and carbon emission, the characteristics of food quality degradation are taken into account in the model, and the market is differentiated through differentiation, and issues such as batch production, inventory management and return remanufacturing are combined to verify the feasibility of the model with practical conditions. Through the assumptions of the research model, the results show that the environmental aspect can be taken into consideration at the same time without affecting the economic aspect.

並列關鍵字

Food supply chain ； Quality degradation ； Location-allocation problem ； Carbon Emission ； Multi-objective programming

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