不當勞動行為不利益待遇之類型研究－以我國工會法第35條「其他不利之待遇」之裁決案例為觀察核心

自民國100年勞動三法施行以來，我國不當勞動行為制度業已實施10年時間，隨著工會活動不斷成熟，雇主對於勞工因組織工會、參加工會活動等而給予之不利益行為並被認定構成不當勞動行為者，已從早期「解僱」、「降調」、「減薪」類型，逐漸發展成多種態樣之不利益待遇行為，即工會法第35條第1項第1、3、4款所稱之「其他不利之待遇」。近年來，即使法條明定之解僱、降調、減薪之不利益待遇行為者，亦可能以多個形式呈現，如雇主以不予續聘、停職等方式實現解僱之目的；加上「其他不利之待遇」類型案件之增多，故本文特分析100年至110年上半年裁決委員會認定構成不利益待遇類型之案件，並分別於第四章分析「解僱、降調、減薪」及第五章分析「其他不利之待遇」類型。我國工會法施行細則就「其他不利之待遇」之認定，於施行細則第30條明文規定有「直接或間接不利之對待」、「威脅提起或提起顯不相當之民事損害賠償訴訟之不利待遇」兩種情形。而近年來裁決實務上認定屬於「其他不利之待遇」者，除顯不相當之民事、刑事訴訟外，「直接或間接不利之對待」之「其他不利之待遇」亦逐年激增，如人事考核之差別待遇、人格權侵害，然近年來除上述之不利益待遇類型外，究裁決實務認定構成「其他不利之待遇」還有哪些？則此些類型究導致勞工受有何種不利益始被認定屬「其他不利之待遇」？皆為本文主要分析重點。

關鍵字

不當勞動行為；裁決制度；其他不利之待遇；解僱；降調；減薪；威脅提起訴訟；人格權侵害；考績差別待遇；懲戒處分不利益；調動不利益；拒絕會務假；動機競合

並列摘要

The types of Unfair Treatment of Unfair Labor Practices in Article 35 of Labor Union Act include unfair dismissal, demoting, reducing the wage and other unfair treatments. In the unfair dismissal, demoting and reducing the wage, due to employers may realize the purpose of dismissal, demoting and reducing the wage in multiple ways, such as the employer dismiss the employees by not renewing, or suspension. In addition, since the Labor Union Law has been implemented in 2011, the decisions on the unfair labor practices of other unfair treatments have been increased gradually. So this article specifically analyzes the types of unfair treatment cases of Decision on the Unfair Labor Practices from 2011 to the first half of 2021. The types of Other Unfair Treatments in Article 30 of Enforcement Rules of Labor Union Act include “direct or indirect unfair treatments” and “threatens to file or actually files an inappropriate damages proceedings in a civil court case”. In recent years, in addition to “threatens to file or actually files an inappropriate damages proceedings in a civil court case”, the decisions of the Board of the Unfair Labor Practices involving “direct or indirect unfavorable treatment” have also increased year by year, such as unfair performance evaluation and infringement of personality rights. However, in addition to the above-mentioned types of Unfair Treatments, what other types of Other Unfair Treatments were determined by the Board for Decision on the Unfair Labor Practices? And what are the criteria for judgments? All above that are the main analysis focus of this article.

並列關鍵字

Unfair Labor Practices ； Decision on the Unfair Labor Practices ； Other Unfair Treatments ； Dismiss ； Demote ； Reduce the Wage ； Retaliatory Lawsuit ； Infringe Personality ； Unfair Performance Evaluation ； Unfair Punishment ； Unfair Job Transfer ； Employers Reject Leave for Union Related Business ； Double Intentions