少子女高齡化社會的終身住宅研究—以高速鐵路新竹車站特定區新建透天厝為例

A research of a lifetime home for the aging and fewer offspring society-taking the new Toe-tain-cuo in HsinchuStation district of High Speed Railway as an example

黃政玄(Cheng-Hsuan Huang)

指導教授 ： 陳政雄

中原大學/設計學院/建築學系/碩士(2008年)

https://doi.org/10.6840/CYCU.2008.00378

摘要

聯合國世界衛生組織定義，年齡65歲以上的人稱為「高齡者」。當高齡者人口超過總人口比率7％時即為「高齡化社會」。我國於1993年高齡者人口達總人口的7.1％，成為高齡化社會，人口結構快速的老化業已嚴重衝擊我國的社會與經濟。過去高齡化率低的時代，高齡者照顧問題，可由社會補助與機構負擔。如今在少子女高齡化的社會裡，高齡者將越來越多；而能提供照顧的人力卻越來越少，未來即使是機構安養也無法照顧數量如此龐大的高齡者。

本研究以文獻回顧、訪談調查及空間測繪為研究方法，探討如何運用終身住宅的三個特性：可變性、多適性與參與性，有計畫地改造生活環境，滿足居住者在健康期、障礙期與臥床期的居住需求，延長高齡者於自宅安養的時間，藉由各種支持，能獨立自主地生活，有效降低社會負擔。

將文獻理論與調查結果相互印證，整理出終身住宅設計原則，並以高鐵新竹車站特定區中，透天厝的住宅型態為例，進行新建終身住宅的設計操作及改建模擬，建構能切合新興都市紋理、貼近地方特色與滿足居住者生活階段需求的終身住宅原型。同時，提出結論與建議如下：

一、高速鐵路新竹車站特定區透天厝之特徵：
1.雖為新興都市，地籍分割仍呈面寬窄而進深長之現象，有動線過長與採光通風不足等缺點。
2.區域內以客家族群為主，具家族團結特性，因此呈家族同鄰而居且多戶連棟之型態。
二、終身住宅的功能：
1.能預先考量居住者因身心變化而改變的空間需求，讓住宅達到最大的容受力。當空間需要調整時容易且具效率，隨時維持住宅最佳居住品質。
2.能延長高齡者在宅安養時間，藉由空間改造與輔具安裝，並配合社區服務支持，達成在地老化願景。
3.因終身住宅內涵中有世代交替的特性，配合綠建築指標性原則，有效省能與減廢，空間能持續使用，改建後剩餘的建材也能再利用，是環境永續的基礎。
三、參與式設計：
終身住宅須能滿足真實的生活需求，故生產過程中，不能只有設計者單方面的價值判斷，應是使用者參與溝通的設計歷程。
四、技術支援：
支持終身住宅可變性，要以開放式建築理念來實踐，因而國內在營建材料與工程技術上，需持續研發，並配合工業發展，使終身住宅支架體系統安全而穩固；填充體系統的各部元件相容性高，且精緻、經濟而容易取得。
五、社區與經濟支持：
終身住宅除考慮建築物各項特性外，需要社區支持，提供居家照顧服務，而經濟考量上，更需政府制定完整的獎勵方案，才能有效促進終身住宅發展。

關鍵字

高齡者 ； 終身住宅 ； 開放式建築 ； 高速鐵路 ； 客家

並列摘要

According to definition of the World Health Organization, the people who above sixty-five are called " Elderly".As the elderly population of the country's total population of more than 7%,we will call the "aging society". In 1993, the elderly population has reached the total population of 7.1%. The aging of demographic structure have been impacting on the society and economic. In the past, the care issue for elderly people can be affored by social subvention and institutions . But, nowadays the population of elderly people become more and more larger and the people who can offer care become less and less. Therefore, the peaceful caring in institutions could not care for the large population of elderly people in the future.

This reserach are based on literature review, survey of interview and surveying and drawing of space. It stated how to utilize three characteristics : changeability, multi-adaptation and participation. Effectively improving the living environments and meet the living requirement of three stages- health, disability and bed rest. Through all kinds of supports, to prolong the living time of peaceful caring at home of the elderly people and they can live indepedently without any care. This way also can effectively reduce the social burden.

The literature review proves the conclusion of survey of interview and acquires the design principle for a lifetime home. For instance, Toe-Tain-Cuo in Hsinchu Station district of High Speed Railway, the design of a lifetime home, simulation of adapting are closed to the local characteristics, new urban fabric and meet the living requirement of every inhabitant. Therefore, we come up with the following conclusions and suggestions.

I.The characteristic of the Toe-tain-cuo in Hsinchu Station district of High Speed Railway
1. Although Hsinchu is a new urban, the division of land have the situation of narrow width and edler depth. Besides, it also has the disadvantages as long circulation and poor daylighting and ventilation.
2. The main population in this district is Hakka. Their accent is clanship , therefore, most of their Toe-Tain-Cuo are neigbor and joined.

II.The function of lifetime home
1. To carrying home capacity, the design of space can be changed according to the mental and physical of the inhabitants. Always keeping a good quality of living and the space would be adjusted easily and effectively depend on the needs.
2. The space renovation, install assistive device, the support of community-service and the visioin of aging in the current place can prolong the time of the eldery people peaceful caring at home.

3. The lifetime home have the characteristics of alternation of generations and the green building. Effectively save the energy, waste reduction and the reuse of the buidling materials are the base of environmental sustainability

III. Participatory Design
Lifetime home must meet the need of the requirement of the real live. Therefore, it should include not only the judgement of designer, but the thought of house user.

IV. The technical support
To support the changeability of a lifetime home, the ideal should be realized by the open building. For this reason, the building materials and engineering technique need to keep on developing and supporting the industrial development. To enable the system of a lifetime home secure and firm, the components of infill systems should be high-compatibility, easily acquired and should be delicate and economic as well.

V. The community and economy support
Except every characteristics of building, a lifetime home needs to the support of community for offering home caring service. In the aspect of the economic consideration, it also needs the support and reward programs of the government. So we can push ahead with the development of a lifetime home via the community and economy support.

並列關鍵字

High Speedy Railway ； Elderly ； Open Building ； Lifetime Home ； Hakka

參考文獻

2004，行政院客家委員會委託研究報告--全國客家人口基礎資料調查研究。

1997，住宅設計之議題與開放式營建方法論，住宅學報第二期。

2001，"不同體能高齡者的生活空間需求研究"，設計學報第6卷第1期。

Leslie Morgan and Suzanne Kunkel

中文：(按筆劃排列)