反芻思考向度對憂鬱情緒之影響--工作記憶更新能力的調節效果

研究目的：憂鬱傾向個體會持續的關注在自身的負向情緒與思考，造成憂鬱症狀的發作，且反而會增加與延長其負向情緒與思考。但是，許多研究憂鬱反芻的結果未有一致的定論，其原因可能來自於個體對於負向事件的反芻，可分成適應性與非適應的反芻思考方式。然而，過去研究顯示反芻思考向度對於憂鬱情緒之影響未有一致的定論。研究者也開始思考為何有些個體仍不斷的使用非適應性的反芻，而有些個體會使用適應性的反芻。是否有其他的因素影響憂鬱者的反芻思考方式與憂鬱情緒之關係？過去研究發現，情緒低落個體可能因為工作記憶更新能力的缺損，導致抑制功能的降低。本研究整理目前研究限制，發現仍無法釐清反芻思考向度與工作記憶更新能力對於憂鬱情緒的影響。研究方法：本實驗以中原大學大學生為研究對象，共63位參與者，區分為情緒低落組 (28人)與健康控制組 (35人)，進行N-back作業。所有參與者進行憂鬱情緒誘發後，接著進行自發性反芻思考。反芻思考後，請參與者以自己熟悉的方式協助其感到平靜，待參與者自覺其情緒已恢復平靜後，請參與者填答目前情緒狀態。最後，請參與者填寫憂鬱事件紀錄表和中文版反芻反應風格量表短版 (CRSQ-10)。實驗過程中包含請參與者填寫視覺類別量尺，測量參與者此時的情緒狀態。研究結果：本研究結果顯示情緒低落組比健康控制組有較少的經驗式反芻，即較多的分析式反芻，而健康控制組有較多的經驗式反芻。對情緒變化影響部分，自我關注式反芻與組別在反芻憂鬱情緒變化上有顯著交互作用；自我沉浸式反芻與組別在憂鬱情緒恢復變化上有顯著交互作用。N-back作業方面，以正確率為依變項時，僅作業記憶負荷量之主要效果達顯著；以反應時間為依變項時，僅作業記憶負荷量之主要效果達顯著。在反芻思考與工作記憶更新能力對於反芻憂鬱情緒變化的影響方面，顯示經驗式反芻與反芻快樂情緒變化有顯著正相關；自我沉浸式反芻與憂鬱情緒恢復變化有顯著負相關。此外，參與者使用越多的自我關注式反芻，且整體反應時間長，讓反芻憂鬱情緒變化則下降；使用越多的自我沉浸式反芻，且正確率低，憂鬱情緒恢復變化則下降。結論：情緒低落組比健康控制組有較多的分析式反芻，而健康控制組有較多的經驗式反芻。使用較多的自我關注式反芻狀況下，情緒低落組之反芻憂鬱情緒變化比健康控制組增強，此結果與反芻反應風格理論相符。另外，結果亦顯示自我關注式反芻與整體反應時間之交互作用對於反芻憂鬱情緒變化有影響。此外，自我沉浸式反芻與整體正確率之交互作用對於憂鬱情緒恢復變化有影響，但此結果與假設不符。

關鍵字

反芻思考；反芻的處理形式；反芻的思考觀點；反芻的關注焦點；憂鬱；工作記憶更新能力

並列摘要

Background and Purpose: Dysphoric individuals tend to focus on their negative mood and thoughts, which can cause the onset of depressive episodes and will even increase and prolong negative mood and thoughts. Studies related to depressive rumination have not been conclusive. One of the main reasons is that depressive rumination can be separated into adaptive and maladaptive types. However, previous results reported that different types of rumination affect depression have not been clearly resolved. Another question in line with this concept is that why some individuals tend to use adaptive rumination, while why some individuals frequently use maladaptive rumination. Previous studies have shown that dysphoric individuals are characterized by deficits in the ability to update working memory, which in turn will cause impairment in inhibition. However, few studies have examined how updating of working memory moderates the relationship between rumination and depression. Methods: A total of sixty-three Chung Yuan University undergraduates, separated into twenty-eight dysphoric and thirty-five control participants, all participants were invited to carry out the N-back task. After participants attended the negative mood induction, they completed the spontaneous rumination task. Finally, they used their frequently-used methods to regulate their mood. Over the course of the experiments, participants completed the VAS scale provided. Results: The results showed that dysphoric individuals compared to control group spontaneously used more analytical rumination, while control group tended to use more experiential rumination. As for the effects on mood, self-focused rumination between two groups had a significant interactive effect on rumination depressed mood. Self-immersed rumination between two groups also had significant interactive effect on depressed mood recovery. As for N-back performance, when correction rate was set as the dependent variable, the results found that workload levels had a significant main effect. Moreover, when reaction time was set as the dependent variable, the results showed that workload levels have a significant main effect. Concerning the correlation between experiential rumination, self-immerse rumination, self-focused rumination and mood, experiential rumination was positively correlated with rumination happy mood. Self-immersed rumination was found to negatively correlate with depressed mood recovery. The results also showed that, as participants habitually used self-immerse rumination, their total reaction time was long and rumination depressed mood would diminish. In addition, as participants habitually used self-immersed rumination, their total correction rate was low and depressed mood recovery would become decreased. Conclusions: Findings from our results showed that dysphorics spontaneously used more analytical rumination, while control groups tended to use more experiential rumination. Results also demonstrated that, as to high self-focused rumination, the depression for dysphorics was higher than that in controls, which is compatible with Ruminative response styles theory. Also, our findings showing that the interaction between self-focused rumination and total reaction time will affect rumination depressed mood, appear to be inconsistent with previous results. Similarly, self-immersed rumination and total correction rate will affect depressed mood recovery is inconsistent with previous results.