- 學位論文
在混合式生產策略下考量風險之庫存品項選擇—以被動元件電感為例
Inventory Items Selection in the Mix Production Strategy with Risk Consideration– A Case Study in Passive Component Inductors
摘要
由於全球化的關係，為企業帶來廣大的市場與商機，但同時也帶來了非常大的競爭壓力，原本的企業經營，只需關注於地區的競爭，而現在則需面對來自於全球的競爭，供應鏈網絡也從地域性延伸到全球性。電子產業就是一個相當典型的例子，特別是在消費性電子產品，產品生命週期短，存在眾多的競爭者，終端產品由為數不少的零組件所組成，來自於不同的供應商，供應商也可能來自於全球各地，顧客的需求具多樣性及不確定性，交期的需求經常低於生產製造的週期，也因此，在供應鏈各環節反應上的要求愈來愈為快速與精準。在生產製造的週期高於需求交期的情況下，除非是在生產技術上有顯注的突破，要能夠滿足顧客現在與未來的需求，存貨似乎是一個簡單且直接的解答，然而隨即而來的問題則是「要庫存何項產品及需要備多少數量？」，備錯庫存，不僅不能解決顧客在短交期上的需求，在競爭激烈的市場中為企業帶來效益，但卻要面臨較高的存貨風險，諸如呆庫、報廢與跌價損失，造成營運成本提高、資金的積壓與流動性問題，一點一滴地削弱企業的競爭力。 本研究探討在資訊不透通、需求不確定的競爭環境中，企業採取混合式生產策略下的庫存品項選擇，有別於過去研究在最低成本、最大銷售利益或產能限制的觀點，主要的貢獻在於加入風險評估的考量，建構數學模型，以庫存品項的各週期需求量與顧客數做為風險評估基礎，透過歷史資料之收集與計算，轉換為訂單數量導向之相對強度指標與客戶導向之相對強度指標，做為庫存品項選擇的依據，協助企業在眾多的品項中，有效率地找出未來需要且低存貨風險的品項。 最後，以電子產業上游的被動元件之積層電感產品為例，並使用實際發生的資料，用本研究所建構的模型，以基因演算法求解。反覆的進行演算，證明能夠得到穩定的結果，找到有效且低風險的庫存品項。再將所得之結果，與個案公司原本的庫存品項選擇方式進行比較，發現本研究所提出的方法優於原本的選擇方式，在品項選擇的效率上也較佳。
並列摘要
Globalization brings corporations not only immense markets and business opportunities but also extremely huge competitiveness stress. Having been concentrated on regional competitiveness, the corporations shall start to confront global competitiveness. The supply chain network becomes from regional to global. The electronic industry is a typical demonstration of globalization. The product life cycle for the consumer electronic products are so short where there are lots of competitors. The terminal products are composed of many parts and components which are provided by various manufacturers. The manufacturers are located all around the world. The consumers’ demands are diversifying and uncertain. As the product delivery cycles are usually quicker than the manufacturing cycles, the demands for response from each supply chain shall be increasingly faster and more precise. Amid that the manufacturing cycles are slower than the product delivery cycles, inventory items level seems be a simple and quick solution unless there shall be significant breakthrough on manufacturing technology meeting customers’ current and futuristic demands. Under such a hypothesis, what inventory items shall be maintained? How much inventory items shall be needed? Maintaining unnecessary inventory items can’t satisfy customers’ demands for quick product delivery cycle and can’t bring the corporations benefits in the fiercely competitive markets but results in higher inventory items risk, such as obsolete inventory items, write-off and depreciation losses, and also causes higher operating costs, deceases financial liquidity that all weaken the corporate competitiveness. Instead of the hypothesis of the lowest production cost, the maximum sales profits or the production capacity limits in the past, this research explores how the corporations apply the mix production strategies on the inventory items selections with the hypothesis that a competitive environment is composed of un-free information communication and uncertain demands. The major features for this research are that (1) risk evaluation is taken into consideration, (2) an arithmetic model is established in which each demand cycles and the number of customers for each inventory items are used as risk evaluation basis and historical data collection and calculation are converted into “Quantity-oriented Relative Strength Index” and “Customer-oriented Relative Strength Index” that are used as the reference basis for inventory items selection, (3) Genetic Algorithm is used for making a solution so that the corporations can be assisted in pinpointing out effectively the specific inventory items with futuristic demands and low inventory items risk among many inventory items. A study is conducted on the multilayer chip inductor of passive component in the electronic upper stream industry. The factual data and the model established by this research are applied with genetic algorithm for searching the solution. Repetitive calculation has been proven to be deliver stable results and to find the cost-effective and low-risky inventory items. After the comparison is made between the research results and the case-study corporations’ inventory item selection methods, it has been deduced that the methods submitted by this research excel than the original selection methods and also deliver better efficiency for item selection.