- 學位論文
從十架神學檢視當代泛靈恩思想：路德與莫特曼的視角
A Critique of Pan-Charismatic Thoughts ：From The Perspectives of Luther’s And Moltmann’s Theology of the Cross
摘要
本文擬藉著馬丁路德(Martin Luther)的十架神學，以及莫特曼(Jürgen Moltmann)立基於十架神學對當代的批判，來檢視在基督教會中間流行的泛靈恩現象背後的思想。 首先透過路德在《海德堡辯論》(Heidelberg Disputation)、《論意志的綑綁》(The Bondage of the Will)）、《羅馬書講義》(Commentary on Romans)、《加拉太書註釋》(Commentary on Galatians)……及相關著作，如Gerhard O. Forde的 On Being a Theologian of the Cross中對十字架的思想的察考，來梳理馬丁路德的十字架神學思想。 接著要梳理莫特曼《被釘十字架的上帝》(The Crucified God)一書中，從十架神學出發所提出對當代基督信仰的批判。莫特曼看見當代教會有很多不合十架精神的現象，比方為了與社會有更多的關聯，而犧牲了基督信仰的十架精神。基督信仰要能夠繼續地發揚和傳承，不是去犧牲自己的特色，乃是要回到十字架，重新理解十字架，才能使基督的教會往前走，並承擔耶穌基督所留下的佈道事業。 泛靈恩現象以彼德．魏格納(Peter Wagner)和溫約翰(John Wimber)兩人的思想為主，因為他們所主導的聖靈第三波使靈恩運動影響到各個基督宗派，產生我們現在所看到的泛靈恩現象。此外一位人類學家T. M. Luhrmann長期對溫約翰的葡萄園團契觀察所寫的When God Talks Back，提供給我們很多可以討論的素材。 十架神學果然如路德所說，「十字架檢驗一切」(Crux probat omnia)，把泛靈恩思想的一些問題光照出來，一覽無遺；當然，其中也有一些值得我們反省和借鏡的地方。願眾教會和基督徒都回歸十字架信仰，即便教會的發展因此遲緩，甚至看似失敗，事實卻不一定如表相所彰顯的，因為除了上帝，沒有人能夠明白屬靈的奧秘與真相。
並列摘要
This thesis first discusses Luther’s theology of the cross and is particularly interested in Jürgen Moltmann’s use of this theology in his critique of the modern day church. In the second part of this thesis, this perspective on the theology of the cross is used as a lens through which to critique contemporary Charismatic thought. Luther’s understanding of the theology of the cross, as it is detailed in this study, is drawn from his Heidelberg Disputation, The Bondage of the Will, Commentary on Romans and Gerhard O. Forde’s On Being a Theologian of the Cross. Moltmann’s understanding and application of the theology of the cross, as it is used in this thesis, is taken from his book, The Crucified God. Developing a clear picture of the theology of the cross in this way is intended not only to strengthen the reader’s faith but also to facilitate a careful examination of contemporary Charismatic thought. This study uses the teachings of C. Peter Wagner and John Wimber as models of contemporary Charismatic thought. Wagner and Wimber are included here because they have been key leaders in the Third Wave of the Charismatic Movement and in the Vineyard Christian Fellowship. In addition, it is through the teaching and influence of these two men that Charismatic thought has become widely accepted throughout the world. Some examples of Charismatic thought provided by anthropologist T. M. Luhrmann in When God Talks Back, her ethnography of two different Vineyard Christian Fellowship churches, are also included. This thesis concludes that the theology of the cross is, as Luther declared, “the measure of the true Christianity (crux probat omnia).” Using the perspective of Luther’s theology of the cross to examine Charismatic thought clearly reveals the problems inherent in this thinking and highlights the lessons that can be learned from an analysis of these problems. Hence, even though there are cross-centered churches that are not growing as fast as some that are heavily influenced by contemporary Charismatic thought, these churches should be held up and honored as truly following in the spirit of the cross.