兒童貧窮扶助法制之研究－以兒童生存權與發展權為中心

我國的社會變遷情況如家庭型態與功能的轉變，單親家庭比例增加及經濟產業的結構變化，使得社會貧富差距變大，當家庭面對這些變化又無法發揮以往的家庭功能時，身為家庭成員的兒童因仰賴家庭最深，故受害也最深，而家庭貧窮會限制兒童的成長發展。本論文的問題意識為，探討我國現行兒童貧窮扶助法制是否能給予貧窮兒童，尤其是偏鄉兒童、單親家庭兒童、新貧家庭兒童足夠的保障，以滿足兒童享有兒童權利公約所規定的兒童生存權與發展權？依照現行的兒童貧窮扶助法制規定，多將重點放在低收入戶與中低收入戶兒童，而對於無法取得社會救助資格的其他類型貧窮兒童較忽視，似乎無法滿足貧窮兒童的生存權與發展權。本文希望藉由探討兒童貧窮議題達成兩個目的，第一，藉由探討兒童貧窮問題的背景，整理出在我國經濟社會脈絡下，貧窮兒童的類型為偏鄉兒童、單親家庭兒童與新貧家庭兒童。第二，依據兒童權利公約中關於兒童生存權與發展權之規定，檢視我國兒童貧窮扶助法制的問題與不足。此外，為探討兒童生存權與發展權在我國兒童貧窮扶助法制上的落實，從生存權中聚焦在與貧窮兒童保障最相關的社會保障與適當生活水準權，發展權則聚焦於兒童教育權，以檢討我國法制的不足之處，最後提出未來修正的方向。依照本文研究的成果，本文認為國家要如何幫助貧窮家庭中的兒童，使其脫離困境，可從兩方面著手，其一為落實兒童生存權，幫助兒童及其家庭，給予家庭經濟上的援助，使家庭中兒童受益，保障兒童享有基本的生活資源，另一則為落實兒童發展權，直接以兒童為對象，藉由教育資源的投入，培養兒童於未來社會生活、工作所需能力，促進兒童的成長與發展。因此，本文對兒童生存權法制之修正方向，建議如下：第一、社會救助資產審查程序：從僵化的形式認定到實質認定；第二，從社會救助到兒童需求服務的提供；第三，兒童基本生活：從殘補式到兒童權利保障；而本文對發展權法制之修正方向，建議如下：第一、義務教育：從免學雜費到免學習有關費用；第二、促進教育機會均等：從偏鄉兒童到貧窮兒童；第三、促進偏鄉學校師資合作；第四、提供長期經費培養偏鄉學童多元興趣與能力；第五、轉銜政策：從片段不連續到統合處理。

關鍵字

兒童權利公約；生存權；發展權；教育權；貧窮兒童；新貧家庭；單親家庭；社會救助法；國民基本教育；偏鄉教育

並列摘要

The social changes in Taiwan, the increase in the proportion of single-parent families, and the structural changes in the economy and industries, have made the wealth gap grown wider. Children grow up in families, and families poverty are able to limit children's growth and development. The issue of this paper is to discuss whether the right to survival and right to development in the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) of children in poverty can be satisfied under the current assistance system for children in Taiwan and provide appropriate protection to children in poverty, especially children in remote areas, in single-parent families, and in new poverty families (unemployed/unstable employment families)? According to the provisions of assistance for children in poverty, which pay more attention to children in low-income and middle-low-income family, while other types of children in poverty who are not eligible for public assistance are neglected. The two goals of this paper, through the discussion in the regard of the issue of child poverty, are: first, by discussing the background of child poverty, such as the particularity and needs of children in poverty, and sorting out the types of children in poverty in the context of Taiwan's economy and society: children in remote areas, in single-parent families and in new poverty families; secondly, in accordance with the provisions of children's right to survival and development in the CRC , to review the problems and shortcomings of the assistance for children in poverty in Taiwan. Besides, tne paper will discuss the implementation of children's right to survival and development in the assistance for children in poverty in Taiwan, the right to survival focuses on the right to social security and an adequate standard of living that are most relevant to the protection of children in poverty, while the right to development focuses on children's right to education , and will offer the suggestions about direction of revision in future. According to the study results of this paper, it holds that the state assist for children in poverty from two aspects. One is to implement children's right to survival, and to provide financial assistance to children and their families. Benefit the children in the family and ensure that children have basic living resources. The other is to implement children's right to development, and to cultivate children's ability to live and work in the future society, and to promote growth and development of children. Therefore, the following directions of suggestion are offered by the paper for the revision of the assistance system of the children's right to survival: first, the means test of public assistance: from rigidly formal identification to substantive identification; second, from public assistance to the provision of services for children's needs; third, children's basic life: from the residual welfare model to protection of children’s rights; and there are five directions of suggestion offered by the paper about the revision of assistance system of the children's right to development: first, compulsory education: from free of tuition and miscellaneous fees to free of study-related fees; second, to promote equal educational opportunities: from children in remote areas to children in poverty; third, to promote the cooperation of teachers in remote schools; fourth, to provide long-term funds to cultivate the diverse interests and abilities of students in remote schools; fifth, the transition policy: from fragmentation to integrated treatment.

並列關鍵字

the Convention on the Rights of the Child ； Right to Survival ； Right to Development ； Right to Education ； Children in Poverty ； New Poverty Families ； Single-parent Families ； Public Assistance Act ； Basic Education ； Education in Remote Areas