自我信念與工作記憶負荷對情緒詞錯誤記憶的影響

摘要本研究目的為了解自我信念正負向程度及工作記憶負荷，如何影響個體對不同價性字詞的錯誤記憶發生率。負向自我信念被認為是使個體容易得憂鬱症的易脆因子，對於個體罹患憂鬱症扮演重要角色。過去負向自我信念者錯誤記憶研究，主要是以憂鬱症患者為研究對象。但負向自我信念被視為易脆因子，在個體尚未得憂鬱症時，負向自我信念是否便會對個體產生影響，使自我信念正負向程度不同個體，罹患憂鬱症的可能性不同。因此本研究會以未罹患憂鬱症的一般人作為研究對象。本研究透過內隱聯結測驗，將受試者分為自我信念相對正向及自我信念相對負向兩組。並以字詞回憶測驗，測量受試者對不同價性字詞的回憶作業表現，以此了解他們對不同價性字詞的受激發程度。然後結合DRM錯誤記憶作業及數字監控作業，測量受試者字詞價性、工作記憶負荷、自我信念正負向程度如何共同影響錯誤記憶發生率。研究結果發現實驗一以內隱聯結測驗將受試者分為自我信念正負向程度不同的兩組，兩組受試者在性別和憂鬱症狀上無顯著不同。實驗二結果與原先預期不符，自我信念相對負向組對負向字詞記憶數目與控制組無差異。此結果應為自我信念相對負向組自我信念仍較偏向正向，以及負向字詞列表中字詞，與自我概念較無關係造成。而此實驗中自我信念較為正向組，整體記憶表現皆優於自我信念較負向組。此結果可能是因自我信念相對負向者，自我效能感較差所造成。實驗三顯示在高工作記憶負荷時，受試者會有較高的錯誤記憶發生率。自我信念較負向者與自我信念較正向者相比，對負向字詞錯誤記憶發生率明顯較高。總結來說，自我信念相對負向者，比起自我信念較正向者更容易對負向字詞容易產生錯誤記憶。在高工作記憶負荷情境下，錯誤記憶發生率又進一步提升。對於負向事件的錯誤記憶發生率，可能又進一步使自我信念更為負向，形成惡性循環。

關鍵字

自我信念；錯誤記憶；易脆性；工作記憶

並列摘要

Abstract The purpose of this study is to understand how do the degree of positive and negative self-belief and working memory loading influence the false memory on different valence words. Negative self-beliefs are considered to be a vulnerability factor that makes individuals prone to depression. It,plays an important role in individuals suffering from depression. In the past, the study of false memory in negative self-beliefs was mainly done on patients with depression. However, negative self-beliefs are regarded as a vulnerability factor. When the individual has not yet had depression, whether or not the negative self-beliefs will affect the individual. Individuals with different degrees of positive self-beliefs have different possibilities for depression.Therefore, the participants in this study are nondepressed persons. Participants were divided into two groups by implicit association test: control group and self-beliefs negative group. The free recall test is used to measure the performance of the participants' recall on different valence words to estimate their degree of arousal to different valence words. DRM false memory paradigm and digital monitoring task were also employed to measure how the word value, working memory loading and self- beliefs affect false memory. In the first experiment, the subjects were divided into two groups with different degrees of positive and negative self- beliefs. The two groups had no significant difference in gender and depression symptoms. The results of Experiment two showed the number of negative words in the relative negative group of self-beliefs did not differ from the control group. This result could be that the self-beliefs relative negative group’s self-beliefs are still more positive, and the words in the negative word list are less related to subject’s self-concept. In this experiment, control group’s overall memory performance is better than the self-beliefs relative negative group. Experiment three shows that participants have more false memory at high working memory loads. Compared with those with control group, participants with relative negative self-beliefs have a significantly higher false memory on negative memory. In summary, those who are relatively negative in self-beliefs are more likely to have false memories of negative words than those with positive self-beliefs. In the context of high working memory load, the incidence of false memory is further incresed. The false memory in negative events may further make self-beliefs more negative and form a vicious cycle.