- 學位論文
尋找本真性：現代中國的「民」話語（1918-1949）
In Search of Authenticity：The “Min” Discourse of Modern China（1918-1949）
摘要
本論文考察民國以來，面對國體與政局更替動亂、國際勢力與世界大戰進逼、西學與現代資本主義衝擊之下，中國境內具備人類學教養的知識份子圍繞民族認同、現代新禮俗和鄉村建設的中國現代方案及其敘事話語。 論文處理的時間跨度，始於象徵開啟中國民俗學運動的北京大學徵集近世歌謠事件的1918年，結束於中華人民共和國成立的1949年。論述脈絡依循以時間順序為本質的歷史、作為歷史化空間的民間民俗和體現現實時空特徵的實際社會調查，以追尋本真性作為結構論文的主軸，輔以共同體敘事的觀點，分別以民初神話研究、江紹原禮俗迷信研究、梁漱溟和費孝通的鄉村敘事為個案展開。 古史辨、人類學派和民族誌神話研究三個案，分別面向歷史、現代性與民族，藉此闡釋中國現代民族國家建構的話語，為民族認同話語的機制、型態及變化張本，而三者亦回應了神話研究作為一種民族歷史的建構和效果，導引出民族、歷史和現代性相互補充的敘事學。在江紹原禮俗迷信研究中，分析江氏有關迷信和民俗的表述及其意涵，試圖描繪江紹原論述中的「民間」及其折射出的現代性問題，該個案意義在於顯現科學話語主導的共同體敘事，展現文明進程與民族世界主義的心態。在梁漱溟和費孝通的鄉村建設敘事個案中，意欲聯繫梁氏和費氏兩人的鄉村建設計畫以考察一段鄉土精神史，討論「鄉土」如何成為本真性領域，即如何敘述「鄉土」，透過什麼方式生產何種精神性價值，其中將涉及它與誰對抗、解決何種問題的問題。 論文總結在以民族、民俗、鄉土的角度詮釋「中國」共同體的現代境遇，係近現代中國關於「民」的集體敘事，為大量發明傳統的年代。其中展現了中國現代認同的多層次性，以及以內在視野看待，以想像的同一性、延續性和本真性構築的共同體的意識形態和話語。
並列摘要
This thesis investigates Chinese modern programs and narrative discourses on national identity, modern rites and country construction talked by the anthropology-educated intellectuals in China. And their choices are also discussed when these intellectuals face the replacement of governments and altered political situations, the threat of international forces and world wars, and the impact of western academic system and industrial capitalism. The papers’ time span begins with 1918, the start of Chinese folklore movement while Beijing University collected modern folk songs, and ends in 1949, the year of the founding of the People's Republic of China. Discussing procedure to follow is history upon time order, folklore as historical space and social surveys that express actual space-time. And these cases are myth research in the early Republic of China, Jiang Shao-Yuan’s folklore, Liang Shu-Ming’s rural construction theory and Fei Xiao-Tong’s economic development of rural areas. Ancient History Discrimination Mythology, Anthropology School Mythology and Ethnographic Mythology respectively relate History, Modernity and Nation. Through these case studies, we try to illustrate the measure, pattern and diversification of discourses about construction of the modern Chinese nation-state. These case studies also reply mythology research as the construction of a national history and effect, and narrate a kind of rhetoric by Nation, History and Modernity explained each other. On Jiang Shao-Yuan’s folklore case studies, we analyze the expression and meaning from his Chinese superstition and folk custom studies, and describe the features of “Folk” and problems of modernity. This case study shows the construction of imagined community by scientific discourses and the process of civilization, as well as mentality of intellectuals’ nation-cosmopolitanism. On the case studies of Liang Shu-Ming’s and Fei Xiao-Tong’s rural reconstruction, we attempt to connect their rural programs in order to study the spiritual history of “XiangTu”. We discuss how “XiangTu” becomes the regime of authenticity, in other words, how “XiangTu” produces a kind of spiritual values, which resists a kind of contaminated modern discourses. The conclusion is that, “China” community in modern circumstances is a section of the collective narrative about “Min（Nation, Folk, XiangTu）” and also creates a large number of tradition around “Nation-State” during this period. The narrative shows the multiple levels of Chinese modern identity, and ideology of imagined community with identical, continuous and authentic discourses by the inner sight.