- 學位論文
獨立生活服務模式的理念與實踐—社區居住的服務提供者之觀點
The concepts and practices of Independent Living services Model －The perspectives from the service providers in community living programs
摘要
「獨立生活運動」是由西方障礙者依據「社會模式」的障礙觀點所發起的權利爭取的運動，重新詮釋了「障礙」和「獨立」的概念，根據其論述爾後逐漸發展成相關的服務方案－「直接給付」（direct payment）和「個人助理」（personal assistance），其內涵強調由障礙者本身擔任專家（experts）的角色，自己去認定、界定需求，並組成自助的同儕組織，積極參與規劃相關的服務措施，這樣的概念也被引介至台灣來發展，其中「成年心智障礙者的社區居住與生活」方案便是以獨立生活運動為其理念的方案，本研究由服務提供者的角度去探討他們對這類型方案的見解。 在內在價值觀方面，服務提供者對於障礙者的觀點，免不了仍是會從生理差異、社會功能侷限來做切入，較少談社會障礙的部份；至於獨立的概念方面，可以分成兩種見解，一為強調能夠獨立自主的獨立，另一種是比較接近獨立生活運動的概念，認為獲得支持可以自主的獨立，雖然服務提供者是依據「像家」的感覺來來帶入自決、選擇的歸念，不過這套強調自主的方案，與當前的許多社會價值觀存在的矛盾與衝突，服務提供者在執行過程中常基於安全議題而陷入兩難。 此外整體大環境的障礙政策規劃還是依據「個人模式」的障礙觀點來規劃，經常是依據「服務導向」而非「需求為導向」，且整體社區資源缺乏，服務內容尚不具有多元性，因此服務提供者對於推行直接給付、個人助理的想法都是叫為保守。 而在這個方案之中，大多社會工作者是扮演第二線間接服務的角色，所以涉入方案程度較少，不過也有些機構開始啟用社工背景者擔任所謂生活輔導員的角色，其實該方案的許多精神和社會工作的價值觀、哲理是極為相仿，應能相輔相成，不過社會工作者可能要調適自己的心態，轉化成「支持」障礙者在社區獨立生活的「資源」之一。
並列摘要
“The Independent Living Movement” is the Disability Rights Movement of the Western disabled people who based on “the Social Models of disability” ,which reinterprets the concepts of “disability ” and “independence”, then according to these ideas, they develop the new social service programs－”direct payment” and “personal assistances”, emphasize disabled people themselves are the best experts on their own needs, and organize self-help peer group, participates related service plans and provision positively. Such concepts are also introduced into Taiwan. “Community Living for Adults with Mental Disabilities Programs” is items of this concepts to plan and practice. This research will discuss the perspectives of this kind of programs from the service providers. In their values aspect, the service providers regarding viewpoint of disability still unavoidably discuss from the physiological difference and the social function limitation, however, about the social barrier only discusses a little. As for the independent concept aspect may divide into two opinions. One emphasize self-care independently, another one is similar to the Independent living Movement. They think that independent means disabled people could decision and choose their own arrangements for daily life. Although service provider try to create a “likely home” feeling, but this program which place emphasis on the self-determination conflicts with the current social values, so the service provider during the implementation process often falls into the dilemma on account of security problems. In addition the overall environment in Taiwan ,the policies about disabled people are still in term of "the individual models". The providing process of social services are the "service-oriented", instead of "demand-oriented". Besides, most of communities lack of resources and social provisions don’t have multiple and diversity. The ideas of service providers about “direct payment” and “personal assistant” transform into conservative way. In this program, most of social workers play the second-line role in indirect services, so involvement this program less. However, some of the institutions start to hire “life instructor” with social work background .In fact the concepts and principles of this program are very similar with the values and philosophy of social work, so both sides could complement each other. However, social workers should have to change their attitudes and transformed themselves into a kid of “resource”, which supports the disabled people to live in community.