怪物女人：刻板印象、變異與批判

本論文將探討三個希臘神話故事中的怪物女人--蕾米亞(Lamia)、斯芬克斯(Sphinx)和塞壬(Siren)。值得注意的是，她們皆具有半人半獸的外表，並會帶來致命的傷害。然而，既然這些怪物女人從未真正存在於這個世上，她們的出現必然蘊含著某些意義。從榮格(Carl G. Jung)的心理學觀點來看，這些怪物女人正是阿尼瑪原型(the Anima archetype)的再現。阿尼瑪是男性心中存在的陰性潛意識。根據榮格的理論，阿尼瑪是天生遺傳的，所以既然怪物女人是阿尼瑪擬人化的呈現，她們所表現出來的自然會很相似。此外，榮格並聲稱男性會藉由對阿尼瑪的認知來詮釋女性的本質。然而，西蒙波娃(Simone de Beauvoir)則認為，藉由對阿尼瑪的認知來詮釋女性本質只會造成對女性不適當的刻板印象。原型女性主義者贊成波娃的觀點並建議應該將榮格所謂的「原型」(archetype)看作一種「形象」(image)來探討，以免落入「傳統的」詮釋中。本論文在接下來的三章裡，深入探討並批判榮格的阿尼瑪原型如何變成女性的刻板印象。每一章探討一個由怪物女人所呈現出最明顯的刻板印象：女性特質的矛盾、神秘的特性和虛偽的傾向。雖然，榮格的理論可充分解釋這三個刻板印象的形成；但是，當女性主義介入並輔以不同文本的呈現，怪物女人再也不只有一種形象，而是有別於刻板印象的多樣形象。

關鍵字

榮格；西蒙波娃；原型；刻板印象；形象；阿尼瑪；怪物女人

並列摘要

Three of the most famous monster women in Greek myths will be discussed in this study: Lamia, the Sphinx, and the Sirens. Their hybrid bodies and fatal attractions to men are so similar that they beg a comparative study. Since these hybrid monster women never really existed, there must be some implications for these particular constructions. From Carl G. Jung’s psychological viewpoint, these monster women are representations of men’s feminine side of the unconscious, the Anima archetype. Because the Anima is inborn and inherited according to Jung, the monster women, as personified Anima figures, would quite naturally have similar appearances. In addition, Jung also claims that the conception of the Anima would be the manner in which men would interpret the nature of women. However, from Simone de Beauvoir’s viewpoint, the interpretation of woman by means of the conception of the Anima merely leads to inappropriate stereotypes of women. Agreeing with Beauvoir’s opinion, archetypal feminists suggest that Jung’s “archetype” should be regarded as merely one “image” in order not to be trapped in the inherited way of interpretation. This study further discusses and criticizes the reason Jung’s Anima archetype becomes stereotypes of women in three chapters. Each chapter focuses on one of the most obvious stereotypes shown by the monster women: ambivalent femininity, the mysterious trait and the deceptive tendency. The formation of the three stereotypes can be illustrated clearly through Jung’s theory of the Anima archetype. This paper, by employing feminist criticisms as approaches to examine literary texts in which the three monster women are represented differently, purports to show various interpretations of these monster women.