落腳公墓：馬尼拉大都會區公墓居民的貧窮文化

Cemetery Trapping：Cemetery Residents of Metro Manila in Culture of Poverty

黃佳琪(Jia-Chi Huang)

指導教授 ： 龔宜君

國立暨南國際大學/人文學院/東南亞學系/碩士(2019年)

https://doi.org/10.6837/ncnu201900062

摘要

本文針對菲律賓大馬尼拉的公墓居民生活做進一步的探索，了解這些公墓居民在貧富差距、階級不平等的的社會氛圍下，所產生的生存策略及貧窮文化。在都市化發展過程中，鄉村人口大量遷移都市，資源及空間分配不足又沒有房子可居住下，選擇搬遷至公墓並從事非正式部門工作，以溫飽家庭。然而，公墓居民每日努力工作求生存時，仍然入不敷出，在這樣無可改變的狀況下，他們呈現負面的自我認知並選擇以上帝的安排作為旨意，以適應這個瞬息萬變的社會，而非積極的挑戰目前困境，尋求解決方式。由於長期經歷貧窮，菲律賓納沃塔斯公墓及馬尼拉北部公墓居民在生活中的各種行為除了無可奈何外，更實實在在反應出人類學家劉易斯．奧斯卡所提出的貧窮文化。

關鍵字

菲律賓 ； 貧富差距 ； 都市化 ； 貧窮文化 ； 非正式部門

並列摘要

The purpose of this dissertation is to explore the living of cemetery residents in Metro Manila. The process of urban planning and development makes more people who are from provinces migrate to cities. In fact, there is not enough resource and spaces in the city, which migrants cannot stay so that many migrants choose to move and dwell in the cemetery. When they dwell in the cemetery, they cannot get the full time job because of few working experiences and skills. Therefore, they work in the informal sector to make a live. Even if these cemetery residents work very hard, they still face with difficulties which families expenditure are more than income so that they are always impoverished. Many of them are accustomed to be poor and feel all they have is from God. Hence, they glad to accept all from God and live passive lives without any escaping poverty plan. Through visiting and interviewing cemetery residents, we found their attitudes and behaviors are correspond with culture of poverty by Lewis Oscar.

並列關鍵字

Philippines ； Income Inequality ； Urbanization ； Culture of Poverty ； Informal sector

參考文獻

參考文獻

一、中文資料

王祥夫（2006）《王祥夫小说集：狂奔》。山西：北岳文藝出版社。

李清茵（2004）《家庭互動行為、心理需求滿足、關係滿意度與幸福感之相關研究》。屏東：國立屏東師範學院教育心理與輔導學碩士論文。

卓立寰（2005）《攤販與街道：非正式經濟的空間與日常生活關係--以台北市為例》。台北：臺灣大學社會學研究所學位論文。