推動農村社區經濟發展組織的研究—農會、合作社與非營利組織之比較研究

A study of organization which promote rural community economic development: Comparing non-profit organization with framer`s association and cooperative.

王琇婷(Hsiu-Ting Wang)

指導教授 ： 潘中道

國立暨南國際大學/人文學院/社會政策與社會工作學系/碩士(2010年)

https://doi.org/10.6837/NCNU.2010.00059

摘要

本研究旨在探討農村社區中，傳統以農會、合作社為主推動農村社區經濟發展的脈絡下，晚近非營利組織投入農村社區經濟發展工作的原因。檢視農村社區經濟發展的脈絡，農會、合作社與非營利性組織在不同時代的農村社區經濟發展推動工作分別發揮其重要的功能。本研究的主體為組織，而組織的運作與其所處的制度環境有相當的關連，因此，研究中使用新制度理論作為本研究的理論架構，瞭解環境中制度如何影響農會、合作社與非營利組織在其角色、功能、方法…等運作議題，而這三種組織又如何回饋影響環境中的制度。

研究設計基於比較研究的邏輯，透過滾雪球策略與符合標準選樣策略的立意方式選取三組農會、合作社以及非營利組織，進行組內（同一社區不同組織）與組間（不同社區同一類組織）的分析，以描繪這三種組織並存的現況與其在農村社區中的定位。以下為本研究之研究發現：

一、 在不同社區環境脈絡下，影響非營利組織投入農村社區經濟發展的因素有些微差異。但整體而言，農村社區中存有多元的需求，而非營利組織的開放特性以及對廣泛議題的關注，加上制度環境中政策走向的改變，使得非營利組織能在原本農會與合作社為主推動農村社區經濟發展的脈絡中，投入社區中不同對象與面向的需求，填補農會與合作社未能滿足的服務落差。

二、 推動農村社區經濟發展的角色與功能上，農會關注農特產生產與銷售議題兩者並重；生產合作社著重銷售；然而非營利組織較少關注生產而重視產業其他面向的連結。故在推動方法上三者也有所不同，農會與生產合作社由農特產著手並結合其他觀光行銷策略；非營利組織則透過不同面向的連結促進農村社區經濟發展。

三、 農會、合作社與非營利組織間的網絡關係類型，可能出現三種型態：基於資源交流所建立的互動關係、人際網絡擴散至組織的互動關係以及產品市場潛存的競爭關係。但研究也發現，儘管在組織資源的交流或人際網絡的擴散的前提下，已形成兩兩組織的互動關係，但卻無法突破三種組織共構農村社區經濟發展的互動平台。

四、 研究發現也呈現三種組織推動農村社區經濟發展的過程中與政府不同的關係：農會存有特殊的半官方（quango）的特性，且與政府間為制度性的上下關係；而生產合作社、非營利組織與政府之間的互動關係較為相似，為互利共生關係。

五、 研究也發現三種組織在推動農村社區經濟發展的過程中受到制度環境的影響，法律/政策環境與社會環境便對農會、生產合作社與非營利組織的組織經營有所影響，經濟環境則改變了其產業或產品的推動策略；相對的制度環境也在三種組織的運作下有所改變，農會、生產合作社與非營利組織推動農村社區經濟發展的技術策略，也對經濟、社會、技術環境有回饋的影響。

最後，研究者基於研究的發現以及相關特殊的議題的討論，分別針對農會、合作社與非營利組織、農村社區經濟發展工作以及未來研究方向提出建議。

關鍵字

農會 ； 合作社 ； 非營利組織 ； 社區經濟發展 ； 新制度理論

並列摘要

This study focuses on why non-profit organizations promote rural community economic development since the past ten years, in the context which framer`s associations and cooperatives have been doing for a long time. After reviewing the literature, we find that framer’s associations and cooperatives play an important role at different period of times separately. In this study, the main research object is organizational operation which is highly relative to their environment. Therefore, the researcher employs “new institutional theory” as the theoretical framework to conduct this study. This framework helps the researcher to figure out how organizational environment influences the role and the community economic development strategy of framer’s associations, cooperatives and non-profit organizations. Meanwhile we find out how these three types of organizations also influence the organizational environment.

Based on the logic of comparative study, the researcher uses purposive sampling to study the three pairs of research organizations. Afterwards the researcher conducts data analysis within and between organizations to explore the phenomenon which the three types of organizations coexist to promote the community economic development in the same community. This research also find out the position of framer`s associations, cooperatives and non-profit organizations in the rural community economic development.

The main findings of the study as follows:
1. In different community context, non-profit organizations promote rural community economic development with different reasons. In general, there are various needs in rural communities. Non-profit organizations have many advantages such as democratic civil participation, various interests in community development. In addition, the policy trend also encourages non-profit organization to fill the service gaps.

2. Regarding the role of promoting rural community economic development, framer’s associations focus on both agricultural production and trade; producers cooperatives concern product selling; non-profit organizations not only care about the agriculture production itself, but also show consideration for other affairs such as agriculture culture development, tourism, business park development.
Due to the different roles of the three types of organizations, the approaches which they used to promote rural community economic development are also different. Framer’s associations and producers cooperatives start from agricultural production, and then combine the tourism to promote rural community economic development; on the contrast, non-profit organizations widely connect different aspects of community development.

3. The research findings present three different networks between framer’s association, producers cooperative and non-profit organization: (1) the relationship which based on resources exchange; (2) the relationship which extend from interpersonal network to organization; (3) the competitive relationship in product market. However these three different networks only include the interaction between two different types of organizations. There is still no interaction among these three types of organizations.

4. This research also find the relationships between the three types of organizations and government are as follows; (1) the relationship between framer`s association and government is subordinate, and framer’s association also shows its quango characteristics; (2) the relationship between producers cooperative and government is mutual benefit; (3) the relationship between non-profit organization and government is also mutual benefit.

5. Institutional environment has an impact on the three different types of organizations. Legal environment and social environment influence their operation; economic environment affects their promoting strategy of agricultural products. Inversely, the strategy of rural community economic development of the three types of organizations also affects the organization environments such as economic environment, social environment and technology environment.

並列關鍵字

framer`s association ； cooperative ； non-profit organization ； community economic development ； new institutional theory

參考文獻

官有垣（2000）。非營利組織在台灣的發展：兼論政府對財團法人基金會的法令規範。中國行政評論，10（1），75-110。

廖坤榮（2004）。台灣農會的社會資本形成與政策績效。政治科學論叢，22，181-220。

中文部分

丁文郁（1997）。台灣農民非營利組織策略規劃之研究—以台灣農會為例。國立台灣大學農業推廣經營學系博士論文。

丁文郁（2002）。台灣農民非營利組織策略規劃之研究—以台灣農會為例。農民組織學刊，4，1-52。