從福利到競爭國家-紐西蘭高等教育政策轉變之分析

1930年代世界性的經濟大恐慌帶來嚴重的景氣衰退及大量失業，為了確保國民最基本的生活需求能得到滿足，歐美政府透過介入公共事業和福利的提供擴大政府的角色，透過干預總體需求保障社會秩序和經濟生活的正常運作。直到1970年代，福利國家是西方先進國家競相採用的體制。1970年代以降，因為石油危機所引發的經濟問題及全球化時代的來臨，福利國家逐漸面臨風險與危機，國家的型態與角色必須轉型，強調小政府、大市場的競爭國家遂取代福利國家成為主要的國家體制。國家轉型對高等教育政策帶來深遠的影響，從國有化轉向私有化、從政府控制轉向政府監督、從平等轉向卓越的追求。本研究旨在探討福利及競爭國家體制的興起及特徵、體制的轉變對高等教育政策的影響，並以1930年代即推動福利措施，被譽為福利國家先趨的紐西蘭為例，分析國家體制轉型對其高等教育政策之影響。為達上述目的，本研究透過文件分析法進行相關資料的蒐集與分析，並移地至紐西蘭進行第一手資料的蒐集與訪談。根據文件分析與訪談結果，本研究歸納出下列五項結論： 1 .經濟因素影響民主國家福利體制的發展與轉型； 2 .全球化是驅使福利國家轉型為競爭國家的核心因素； 3 .高等教育深受國家轉型影響，政策重點明顯改變； 4 .紐西蘭雖為福利國家先驅，但亦必須積極轉型； 5 .紐西蘭高等教育政策隨國家體制擺盪，變動頻繁。

關鍵字

福利國家；競爭國家；紐西蘭高等教育

並列摘要

In the 1930s, the Great Depression brought severe economic recession and massive unemployment. In order to guarantee at least the basic needs of the people, both the European and American governments expanded their role by actively intervening in the provision of public utilities and welfares, in which these measures did in overall restore the order and the economic life of the society. Until the 1970s, the welfare regime was adopted by most advanced Western countries. Since the 1970s, due to the economic problems caused by the oil crisis and the advent of the globalization era, the welfare states gradually faced risks and crises, the policy and the role of government must transform into competition states featured by small and capable government vs. big market in replacement of the welfare regime. The shift of national regime has had a profound impact on higher education policies, as the policy focus moved from nationalization to privatization, from government control to government supervision, and from pursuit of equality to excellence. The objective of this study was to explore the impact of the rise and characteristics of the welfare and competition state on the higher education policy. New Zealand, the pioneer of a welfare state in the 1930s, was chosen as the case study to analyze the impact of regime change in terms of its higher education policy. In order to achieve the above objective, relevant data from document review were collected and analyzed. Based on the results of document analysis and interviews conducted in New Zealand, five conclusions were drawn as follows: 1. Economic factors affect the development and transformation of welfare state in democratic countries; 2. The trend of globalization is the inherent factor which forces the welfare state to transform into a competition state; 3. Higher education is deeply affected by the transformation of the statehood, where the focus of a policy may change significantly; 4. Despite New Zealand being a pioneer of welfare state, it still needed to actively transform itself; 5. The higher education policy of New Zealand fluctuated frequently with the transitions of national regime.