- 學位論文
從羅蘭.巴特的符號論解讀「新公共服務論」的意義
Interpreting the Meanings of the “New Public Service” from the View of Roland Barthes’ Symbolism
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摘要
二〇〇〇年由Robert B. Denhardt及Janet V. Denhardt提出的新公共服務論，被視為傳統公共行政及新公共管理之外，第三種行政學典範代表。新公共服務論繼承了一九七〇的新公共行政運動、一九八〇年代的新公共管理及一九九〇年代的黑堡宣言，被視為二十一世紀的民主行政理論，該理論為人所熟知的是其簡單扼要的「七律」，但這七律實有其理論與歷史的基礎。新公共服務論的理論基礎包括新公共行政、人本主義、民主公民資格論、後現代理論等，新公共服務論有其理論的縱深與廣度。古諺云「橫看成嶺側成峰」，本文研究目的，是探討新公共服務論的言表之意與弦外之音，對此，本文將新公共服務理論視為是一個符號，採用羅蘭．巴特符號論的意義分析模式、閱讀心態來解讀新公共服務論的意涵，在此思考脈絡下，新公共服務論具有形式意義與文化意義。 本文以羅蘭.巴特的符號批判之觀點，作為剖析的依據，在羅蘭.巴特的符號論中，對於意義的解釋可分為「直接意指」、「含蓄意義」、「迷思意義」及「象徵意義」。「直接意指」是指「新公共服務論」是一個民主治理的學說，其核心主張「服務而非領航」是一種「公民優先」的「民主行政」理論。「含蓄意義」是指新公共服務論的成長脈絡、學理依據及實踐的相關配套措施來解讀新公共服務論的含蓄意義。「迷思意義」主要意涵有「舊酒新瓶的民主行政理論」、「玩弄的文字遊戲的行政改革標籤」等。「象徵意義」主要意涵是指民主國家重視民主行政及公民社會所接續的公共行政新理論。新公共服務論「隱喻」主要意涵有「國家角色是公民社會的扶植者與服務者」、「公共參與及道德馴化勝於經濟效益」等。新公共服務論「轉喻」主要意涵有「公民參與是民主政治的最終價值」、「道德人的價值勝於經濟人」、「公共服務者的犧牲奉獻精神實超越划槳及領航的價值」等。 本文引用巴特符號論的意義分析模式來解構「新公共服務論」的深層意涵，首先闡述新公共服務論的架構與旨趣，並進一步重新回味與感受上述內容，對於新公共服務論這一符號的反思結果有「公共行政理論與典範間的競合否」、「行政科學與民主行政是必然的斷裂還是未竟之功」、「橘逾准則為枳還是他山之石可以攻錯」、「行政科學需要想像與反諷」、「我國對新公共服務論進行研究並應用在各種實務面向上的反思」及「新公共服務理論對於強化我國公務員服務意識的啟示」等幾個面向進行探討。循此，本研究對於「新公共服務論」意義及其效果的推論，某種程度是筆者「自我理解」，是無法被實證的。
並列摘要
The new public service brought forth by Robert B. Denhardt and Janet V. Denhardt in 2000 is considered representative of the third administration example besides the traditional public administration and new public management. The new public service continues the new public administration movement in 1970, new public management in the 1980’s and the Blacksburg Manifesto in the 1990’s. It is considered the theory of democratic administration in the 21st century. The theory is the most known for its simple and important “seven rules”. The seven rules were established with theoretical and historical backgrounds. The theoretical basis for the theory of new public service includes public administration, humanitarianism, democratic citizenship, and post modernism, etc. Therefore the new public service runs wide and deep theoretically. The old saying goes “it looks like a hill from the front and like a peak from the side.” The purpose of this study is exactly exploring superficial meanings and meanings between the lines of the new public service. As far as this is concerned, the new public service is looked at as a symbol and analytical model and reading attitude of the Roland Barthes symbolism are used to interpret implications of the new public service. Under this train of thought, the new public service is meaningful both technically and culturally. The critical perspective of the Roland Barthes symbolism is used as the basis of analysis in this article. In the Roland Barthes symbolism, meaning can be denotation, connotation, myth, and symbol. By denotation, it means that the new public service is a theory of democratic governance and the core argument “service is not leadership” is a theory of democratic administration that prioritizes citizens. Connotation refers to the growing trend, theoretical basis, and practical package measures for the new public service used to interpret its implicit meaning. By “myth” it primarily encompasses “old democratic administration theory in the new form”, “administrative reforms in a word game”, etc. Symbol refers to the new theory of public administration continued from democratic administration and civil society that are emphasized in a democracy. Metaphor of the new public service includes that “a state is the supporter for the civil society and serves the civil society” and “public participation and moral cultivation are better than economic efficacy.” Metonymy of the new public service primarily includes that “civilian participation is the ultimate value of democracy”, “The value of a moral person is higher than an economic person”, and “The sacrifice of public service providers actually exceeds the value of a boat rower and captain.” The meaning analytical model of the Roland Barthes symbolism is used in this article to interpret the advanced significance of the new public service. First of all, it elaborates the structure and theme of the new public service and recalls and reviews the content mentioned in the foregoing. The reflection on the symbolism brings about enlightenments in the new public service, such as “Are the theory of public administration and its example are in a competitive or cooperative partnership?” “Are administrative science and democratic administration sure to break or yet to be successful?” “Can the theory only work in a particular country or we can learn from other’s experiences?” “Administrative science requires imagination and antagonism,” “reflection from the study and practical application of the new public service in our country”, and “enlightenment of the new public service in reinforcing the service conscience of civil servants in our country. These different facets can all be discussed. Accordingly, inference about the significance and efficacy of the new public service in this research is the self-interpretation of the author to a certain degree and cannot be validated.
參考文獻
李宗勳，2004，＜「安全社區」新視野與社區管理的構聯＞，《國立政治大學公共行政學報》，第10期，頁25-62。
江明修，曾冠球，2003，＜公共行政制度設計之辯證：公民治理型模的檢視＞，《中國行政評論》，第12卷第3期，頁：119-138。
參考書目
壹、中文資料
方孝謙，1994 ，《「內涵化」與日據芝山岩精神的論述-符號學概念的試用與評估》，中央研究院台灣史研究，第 1 卷第 1 期，頁 99。