華語稱讚近義詞與稱讚策略之研究—母語者與僑外生之稱讚策略對比分析

稱讚是一個重要的社會交際策略，其有增加或維護個人與團體之間凝聚力的功能。稱讚言語行為反映了不同文化的思維模式與價值觀，然而該思維模式與文化價值觀體現在稱讚的語言型式、回應策略以及詞彙等層面上。華語學習者僑外生在學習華語的同時也是在學習華語的思維模式與了解華語所承載的文化價值觀。本文以情境設計問卷與書寫語篇補全測驗(DCT)收集了母語者與華語學習者僑外生之稱讚語料，進行兩組受試者的稱讚策略對比，以了解僑外生之華語稱讚言語行為表現，以及兩組受試者根據稱讚情境如何辨識稱讚近義詞(讚美、稱讚、讚嘆、恭維、誇讚)。本研究發現僑外生施予稱讚言語行為時所使用的稱讚語言型式與母語者所使用的語言型式相似。兩組受試者總共使用了11種稱讚語言型式，其中最多使用的前三項與Wang and Tsai (2003)依台灣男、女大學生在生活上使用到的句法結構次數多寡排列出來的順序一致。根據使用策略百分比統計發現，兩組受試者的策略使用百分比非常接近，除了前兩個策略的順序顛倒外其餘完全一致，此現象呈現出華語學習者僑外生之華語稱讚言語行為表現接近於母語者之表現。此外僑外生亦能透過含蓄型稱讚語傳達肯定、鼓勵、認同等語意訊息，體現出華人社會所注重的團體意識，呈現了僑外生的華語稱讚語反應出華語稱讚文化。至於稱讚近義詞(讚美、稱讚、讚嘆、恭維、誇讚)的語意概念和語法功能，本文發現“稱讚”一詞的語法功能最為廣泛，且與其他詞項的語法功能重疊，而語意與語用上皆能取代所有近義詞者，是這一組近義詞的統稱。本文根據“讚美、稱讚、讚嘆、恭維、誇讚”五項近義詞之語意以及語用功能與社經地位、社會距離、事件等社會語言因素設計了稱讚語境，以誘導受試者提出稱讚策略並請受試者用這五項近義詞來描述其所提出的稱讚策略。從測驗與訪談過程發現，兩組受試者辦識近義詞詞項時並無依據情境因素等判斷，母語者填答時憑靠詞彙的語意強度，僑外生則靠本身對稱讚內容或事件的感受。因研究時問卷有針對性的情境，所以本文亦整理出不同稱讚情境之句法型式，讚嘆情境之稱讚策略與讚美情境之稱讚策略相同，皆為“NP (Be) (INT) ADJ”，稱讚情境之稱讚策略為“NP/PRON V (DE) (INT) ADV”，恭維情境之稱讚策略為“恭喜(NP)!”。透過本文之發現，作者提出了教學建議，希冀能協助華語學習者僑外生在華語稱讚語境更能表現出適切的用法以提升僑外生之華語稱讚語用能力。

關鍵字

言語行為；稱讚策略；稱讚近義詞；語用能力

並列摘要

Compliment is an important social communicative strategy, which has the function of increasing and maintaining solidarity between individuals. Compliment reflects the mindset of different cultures and values represented in patterns of compliment strategies, compliment response strategies, lexicon, etc. This paper has collected compliment strategies of native speakers of Chinese and learners of Chinese through a discourse completion tests (DCT) in order to analyze the different compliment strategies used by these two groups. Besides, the strategies they chose to match the compliment synonyms (讚美、稱讚、讚嘆、恭維、誇讚) were also be studied. This study found that the strategies used by native speakers and learners of Chinese are similar. Both groups used 11 syntactic patterns in total, similar to the sequence of the three most preferred patterns reported in Wang and Tsai (2003), except for some minor differences. This phenomenon shows that the performance of Chinese learners resemble that of native speakers. What is more, they could also use implicit compliments to express semantic information such as giving affirmation, incentives, etc. which imply that they had learned Chinese compliment culture. With regard to semantic notions and syntactic features of compliment synonyms (讚美、稱讚、讚嘆、恭維、誇讚), the current research found that “稱讚” is the general term of Chinese compliment for it has the broadest grammatical functions and it could substitute for the rest in semantic and pragmatic use. Based on the semantic and pragmatic function of the synonyms as well as social status, social distance, topic, etc., several scenarios were designed as a test to induce participants’ compliment intention. The test also requested testees to use these synonyms to describe their compliments. From the result of tests of the study, it was found that when distinguishing the synonyms, native speakers relied on semantic strength of the words while Chinese learners depended on their perceptions of the event. Seven scenarios on the test were designed with different situations in order to elicit compliment strategies. The overall quantitative results indicate that the strategy preference for“讚美”and “讚嘆”are the same, which is “NP (Be) (INT) ADJ”, and that of “稱讚” is “NP/PRON V (DE) (INT) ADV” ,and“恭維”is “恭喜(NP).” Finally, the pedagogy for compliment speech act teaching was suggested to cultivate learners’ linguistic competence as well as pragmatic competence.