大學生約會暴力受暴經驗之研究：性別與校園生態脈絡分析

本研究旨在以性別觀點和生態系統理論為視角，探討大學生遭受約會暴力經驗之內涵與意義，分析個人與校園生態系統互動對約會暴力解釋與揭露之影響。基於社會建構論研究哲學典範，本研究採取解釋性互動論研究方法，深度談訪23位遭受約會暴力之大學生，其中18位女性、5位男性。研究主要發現如下：一、受暴形態與內涵：受暴大學生遭受到不同形態的約會暴力行為，且存在多重暴力形式結合與性別差異；較諸於一般親密關係暴力，受暴大學生遭受跟蹤騷擾與性脅迫行為之現象更為普遍。二、對約會暴力的解釋：是一個多重感知與漸進過程，隨著受暴形態、嚴重程度與關係背景而變動。受暴大學生普遍認同「男性對女性」暴力更具傷害性與嚴重性，而對跟蹤騷擾與性脅迫呈現正向與負向的理解；女性對約會暴力的解釋，部分傾向從「控制」、「大男人」觀點詮釋，部分則認為是情緒失控與遷怒；而男性多從關係衝突的角度來理解。二、對約會暴力的解釋與求助：包含非正式支持與正式資源系統。在非正式親友方面，雖然絕大多數受暴大學生都曾向非正式親友揭露或求助之經驗，但卻傾向對熟悉者隱匿，揭露與求助對象呈現「由遠至內近者親者層遞」；而所獲致的回應有情緒支持、提供安全與法律協助，連結正式資源，但同時也有面臨分手壓力、責備以及不願協助司法作證等負面回應。在正式資源系統方面，學校是女性受暴大學生最少主動揭露與求助單位，但為男性主要運用管道；受暴大學生求助後，少數學校啟動聯合處理機制，而防治中心社工人員則偏重法律諮詢服務。此外，受暴大學生無論是對非正式親友與正式資源系統，都存在避免提及性經驗以及性脅迫隱而不揭的現象。四、約會暴力性別校園生態系統：（一）鉅視系統：父權性別規範與華人關係主義形塑暴力關係與寬容意識，國家法律帶動社會性別／平等意識與暴力零容忍態度；（二）外部系統：校園旁觀者反應與學校處理態度形塑約會暴力校園氛圍，對揭露與求助具有關鍵影響；（三）居間系統：父母影響力是深層的，透過約會規範與性價值觀的建構，進而影響暴力發生與因應；同儕影響則聚焦於立即層面的暴力問題討論與情緒支持；（四）微視系統：性別化的愛情與性關係是各系統交織作用的結果，對約會暴力解釋亦在父權與平等意識之間擺盪。根據上述研究發現，本研究建議：首先，在約會暴力處遇服務方面，防治中心社工人員與大學輔導專業人員，可以性別中心生態系統進行多面向評估，再依不同暴力階段發展處遇目標；提高對性脅迫以及與性有關的威脅、跟蹤騷擾等之敏感度，以及相互動暴力與反擊現象，避免落入性別偏見與理想被害人迷思。其次，在學校系統方面，除了落實親密關係防治教育與情感教育之外，亦需積極提升校內相關單位對約會暴力辨與創傷知情能力，並且推動大學旁觀者運動，建立不責備被害人的校園文化。此外，在政策面，應重視科技網路通訊設備助長跟蹤騷擾與其他形式約會暴力手法現象，並且積極發展保護受害者措施與反制策略。

關鍵字

約會暴力；親密關係暴力；性別觀點；生態系統；大學生

並列摘要

Based on the gender perspective and the ecological system theory, this study aims to explore the connotation and significance of the experience of dating violence among college students, and analyzes the impact of the interaction between individuals and the campus ecological system, based on the interpretations and disclosures of such experience. This study employs the research method of Interpretive Interactionism by conducting in-depth interviews with 23 college students, 18 female and 5 male, who have suffered dating violence. The main findings of this study are as follows: 1. The college students suffered varied forms of dating violence, and sometimes different forms of violence operated together at a single instance. Gender differences had a huge impact on the type of violence suffered by the students. When compared to the typical intimate partner violence, it was seen that it was quite common for students to deal with stalking and sexual coercion. 2. The college students’ interpretation of dating violence was a gradual process involving multiple perceptions, which could change with the form of violence, degree of severity, and relationship background. Generally speaking, they showed support for the view that male to female aggression resulted in greater harm and severity, and held both positive and negative views of stalking and sexual coercion. 3. Post an instance of dating violence, the study reveals that college students disclose the event to formal and informal sources and go on to seek help as well. College students tended to hide from those they knew well, while telling the truth and asking for help from relatives and friends. Parents and colleagues were the main connections to formal sources, while classmates were less proactive in reporting or encouraging them to seek help from formal sources. Also, while schools were the formal sources to whom female students least proactively confided in and sought help from, they were the main channel used by male students. They displayed a tendency of avoiding any mention of sexual experiences and tended to hide experiences of sexual coercion from both informal sources such as relatives and friends, as well as the formal sources. 4. The interpretation and disclosure of dating and the process of seeking help following the violence are deeply affected by the gender-centered ecological system the students are in. The results showed that the affected college students’ interpretations of dating violence were influenced by factors such as patriarchal gender norms, perceptions on gender equality prevalent in the country, legalization of gender violence, college campus dating violence prevention measures, the general campus atmosphere, family and peers, and college students’ attitudes toward love and sex. Based on the above findings, the researchers provide recommendations pertaining to policy and practice, for formulating dating violence prevention measures in campuses for college students. Every school must be informed of the prevalence of dating violence on campuses, and awareness must be raised among students to develop campus-specific programs for preventing sexual assault and intimate partner violence on campuses.