不一樣的路：馬來西亞關丹非華裔家長選擇華小的原因及困難

A Different Way : The causes and problems of non-Chinese parents' choosing Chinese primary schools in Kuantan, Malaysia.

林坊玲(Fang-Leng Lim)

指導教授 ： 林開忠

國立暨南國際大學/人文學院/東南亞研究所/碩士(2010年)

https://doi.org/10.6837/NCNU.2010.00155

摘要

馬來西亞的教育體制中有三種源流小學─國小、華小及淡小。然而，《1961年教育法令》清楚表示，國家教育目標是以馬來文為所有國民學校主要教學媒介語，朝教育語言單元化的大方向前進。因此，政府歷年來積極擴展國小，以致國小無論學校數量、經費分配的額度或軟硬體設備等各方面，國小的條件遠比華小優渥。從國家教育的角度來看，國小以國語─馬來文進行授課，亦提供了其他語言的選修科目，以滿足不同族群學習其他語言的需求，理論上應該是容納不同族群共同學習的最理想場域。然而，每年卻有為數不少的非華裔家長把孩子送入華小。
本研究希望整理出非華裔家長選擇華小的原因，並分析他們進行此教育選擇的各種考量。其次，希望藉此研究具體了解非華裔家長如何解決孩子在華小求學上的困難，包括語言掌握的問題、宗教差異、飲食上的禁忌等等，以探討現今非華裔家長放棄主流教育選擇，把孩子送進華小所面臨的情況。本文以關丹的培才華小、培民華小及班珍華小共30名非華裔家長為研究對象。筆者先透過次級資料分析法及參與觀察的方式以對現象進行了解，接著再用半結構式訪談及電話訪談進行調查。
研究發現非華裔家長選擇華小的考量以工具理性為主，認為華文在馬來西亞是經濟價值語言，因此希望孩子進入華小掌握中文此語言資本。另外，非華裔生就讀華小後，面臨了宗教文化及語言差異帶來的問題。非華裔家長採用各種辦法以維持孩子在華小求學時的「宗教文化」界線。同時，家長的財務資本及社會資本在孩子華小的學習中亦扮演著重要的角色。因此，非華裔家長選擇華小勢必要投入更多時間及金錢來照顧孩子的課業，否則孩子在華小的學習可能會陷入困境。

關鍵字

馬來西亞教育 ； 非華裔家長 ； 教育選擇 ； 華小 ； 非華裔生 ； 學華文

並列摘要

There are three streams of national primary school in Malaysian education system, i.e. National Primary School (Sekolah Kebangsaan or SK) ,and National-type Primary School which divided into Chinese National-type Primary School (Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan Cina or SJKC) and Tamil National-type Primary School (Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan Tamil or SJKT). It is clearly stated in “The Education Act of 1961” that the ultimate goal of the public education is to adopt Malay as the main medium of instruction in all types of primary school, a monolingual policy is contained in the Act. Thus, the government has been actively developing SK since national independence. As a result, the SK has been much more benefitted than SJKC or SJKT in terms of governmental fund, facilities and increasing numerically since independence. From the public education’s point of view, theoretically, SK applies national language (Malay) as medium of instruction, other optional language courses (such as Tamil and Chinese) are also provided to satisfy the needs of other ethnic students, it supposes to be the ideal school for all ethnic groups, however, many non-Chinese children are sent to SJKC their parents since the last decade.
This research is to sort out the reasons why non-Chinese parents choose SJKC. At the same time, the research aims to discover how non-Chinese parents face the challenges imposed on their children’s adjusting in a totally different language (Chinese in this case), religious learning and practice, food taboo and etc. In this thesis, 30 non-Chinese parents from SJKC Pei Chai, SJKC Pooi Min and
SJKC Panching in Kuantan are investigated and surveyed. Secondary data analysis and participant observation are the research methods employed to acquire a general understanding, and a semi-structure and telephone interview are utilized for further research.
This research found out that the reasons for non-Chinese parents to choose SJKC are based on “instrumental rationality”. Chinese is considered as a valuable language economically in Malaysia, so parents would like their children to master well this language by entering SJKC. However, non-Chinese students will confront religious, and cultural problems in Chinese school, their parents successfully maintain their religious and cultural boundaries through many different ways. Meanwhile, financial capital and social capital play an important role in these children’s language study. More time and money ought to be invested to prevent non-Chinese children from academic performance failure.

並列關鍵字

Malaysian education ； non-Chinese parents ； non-Chinese students ； Chinese National-type Primary School ； educational option ； Chinese learning

參考文獻

參考書目

中文資料

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成有信（2000）《教育政治學》，南京：江蘇教育出版社

吳祖田（1993）〈馬來西亞的族群關係：三十年的回顧〉，《問題與研究》32：5，