國民小學教師職能建構與換證制度之研究

職能係指從事某一職業所應進行之工作任務，及其在進行不同工作任務時所應具備之知識、技能及態度，教師職能則指身為教師應具備之專業能力，而透過換證制度之規定將能規範教師職能之檢核。本研究之研究目的有三：包含：一、建構我國國民小學教師職能之內涵；二、研議我國教師換證制度；三、依據研究結論對理論面與實務面提出具體建議。本研究首先針對教師職能之意涵進行探討，藉由瞭解教師素質、教師素養、教師知能以及教師專業標準之意涵，據以作為本研究之教師職能理論基礎及依據。而後蒐集國內外針對教師職能之相關研究，藉以建構本研究之教師職能。此外，藉由探討美國及日本兩國教師換證制度之內涵及特色，研議我國國民小學教師換證制度。本研究主要係採專家問卷調查作為研究方法，研究對象選擇條件包含具備十年以上之教育相關經驗年資以及具有教育行政經驗，如教授、國民小學校長、主任及教師。問卷編製方式以模糊型式設計，計算模糊平均數、模糊眾數、模糊中位數描述專家意見之集中情形，進一步計算模糊權重以瞭解教師職能與教師換證制度各項目之重要性，而後計算模糊標準差、差異係數及共識係數以瞭解專家之共識程度。本研究經文獻分析及專家問卷調查，據以建構之教師職能包含六項工作層面，包含班級經營、教師教學、學生輔導、課程設計、專業成長及人際互動，其各包含三項、六項、四項、三項、三項及四項工作任務，而工作層面中以班級經營層面之模糊權重為最高，但各層面之權重相當，故皆不得偏廢；本研究建構之臺灣教師換證制度認為證書效期應以10年為效期並採強制性換證；證書級數並無優劣、高低級數之分；換證資格係證書快到期且欲繼續任教者；換證程序包含修習研習課程及參加能力檢測；並聘請國教輔導團及教學輔導教師為輔導教師；換證之費用則係教師自付新臺幣10,000元，包含研習課程及申請證書費用，而輔導教師之費用則由主管機關支付。本研究結論有三，分別為一、教師職能佐以權重對現今實務面具嶄新之觀點，且各層面及任務皆不得偏廢；二、教師換證制度佐以教師職能權重據以實踐使兩者發揮最大效益；三、理論面以教師職能為理念據以在實務面實踐教師換證制度。並依據結論分別對教師、行政機關、執行換證制度及對未來研究予以建議。

關鍵字

專業職能；教師專業；換證制度；模糊統計

並列摘要

Competency is a cluster of working tasks, knowledge, skills and attitudes that enable a person to act in a job. Thus, teacher competency is the professional capability that a person must have as a teacher and teacher license renewal system can exam teacher competency. The purposes of this study are stated as follows: 1. constructing teacher competency of elementary school teacher in Taiwan; 2. establishing teacher license renewal system in Taiwan; 3. based on the findings, to provide suggestions for theoretical and practical aspects. The study first reviewed the literatures about teacher quality, teacher literacy, teacher knowledge and skills, teacher standard and teacher competency’s meanings and collected relevant researches in order to construct elementary school teacher competency in Taiwan. In addition, the study explored the USA and Japan’s teacher license renewal system for establishing teacher license renewal system in Taiwan. The study adopt expert questionnaire survey and collected 14 experts’ data, including professors, elementary school principals, directors and teachers. This study applied fuzzy statistics to analyze the importance and agreement of teacher competency and teacher license renewal system in Taiwan. According to literature review and expert questionnaire survey’s result, teacher competency includes six working aspects, including class management, teacher teaching, student guidance and counseling, curriculum designing, professional growth and interpersonal interaction and 23 working tasks. Class management is the highest fuzzy weight, but other aspect’s fuzzy weight are similar. The content of teacher license renewal system appropriate in Taiwan include seven facets: 1. license expiration: ten years; 2. mandatory for teachers whose license is about to expire; 3. license level: none; 4. license renewal qualification: teacher license is about to expire and would like to teach in future; 5. license renewal procedures: 1) attend research and study class; 2) competency examination, including oral, teaching observation and teaching portfolios; 6. mentor teacher: Compulsory Education Counseling Group and mentor teachers of Teachers' Professional Development Evaluation; 7. license renewal cost: NTD10,000. Based on the findings of the analysis, the conclusions of the study can be drawn as follows: 1. Teacher competency with weight is innovative for practical aspect and each working aspects and working tasks is vital; 2. Teacher license renewal system with teacher competency weight can maximize its benefits; 3. Practicing teacher license renewal system is based on teacher competency theory framework. Based on the study’s conclusion, the researcher presents the recommendations to teachers, administrative organs, teacher license renewal system implement and future studies.