噶哈巫語參考語法：一個極度瀕危的臺灣南島語

噶哈巫為臺灣南島語言「巴宰－噶哈巫語」之下的一個方言，主要使用於南投縣埔里鎮四庄（守城、蜈蚣崙、大湳、牛眠山）。族人日常生活使用的語言為閩南語，現今僅剩十位左右的八、九十歲耆老尚會講族語，故噶哈巫語極度瀕危；而過去的紀錄仍相當有限，因此有調查的迫切性。此外，當代噶哈巫語也出現異於其他臺灣南島語言的語法特點，值得探討。據此，本研究即建立在前人的基礎之上，展開更全面性的語法調查。在語言類型學以及基本語言學理論的框架上，透過田野調查（包括句子誘答以及長篇口述）採集語料，用以描述當代噶哈巫語語法。研究結果發現，噶哈巫語繼承古南島語的系統，但亦有音韻、構詞、句法方面的語法特點。音韻方面，如：噶哈巫語的重音以音高高調來體現、詞尾擦音變不除阻塞音、新派發音人的音位合流；構詞方面，如：詞綴發生去詞綴化，變成依附詞或獨立詞素，或改以詞彙的方式；句法方面，如：語序的變化、疑問句結構之變化等。針對當代噶哈巫語的語法特點，透過與巴宰語及其他臺灣南島語言比較，並且與閩南語比較，可證實上述的變化是受到閩南語之影響，並可進一步釐清演變的方向。此研究成果，能填補學術空缺，留下當代噶哈巫語的紀錄，並可供日後進一步研究以及復振之用。至於噶哈巫語特殊的演變，則具體展示黏著型語言如何受到分析型語言影響，能對語言類型、語言接觸以及語言演變的理論有所貢獻。

關鍵字

噶哈巫語；參考語法；語言接觸；巴宰語；閩南語

並列摘要

Kaxabu is a dialect of “Pazeh-Kaxabu” (a Formosan language), which is spoken in four villages (Shou-Cheng, Wu-Gong-Lun, Da-Nan, and Niu-Mian-Shan), Puli Township, Nantou County. The Kaxabu communities mainly speak Taiwanese Southern Min in daily conversation, and Kaxabu is an moribund language. Only about ten elderly people in their 80s and 90s can speak Kaxabu, and the available Kaxabu data are limited, so it is urgent to record this dialect. In addition, contemporary Kaxabu also has grammatical features that are different from other Formosan languages, which are worth exploring. This grammatical survey takes its roots in language typology and Basic Linguistic Theory, the data are collected through fieldwork (including sentence elicitation and texts collection). The results of the study show that Kaxabu has retained features found in other Formosan languages, but it has also undergone a number of innovations. Phonological changes include a final stress that goes along with high pitch, fricative coda changing to unreleased stop coda, and merger of certain phoneme by younger speakers. The most important morphological change is degrammaticalization whereby affixes become clitics or independent morphemes. Among syntactic changes, there is a change in word order. By comparing the changes in Kaxabu with Formosan and non-Formosan languages, it can be ascertained that Kaxubu has been influenced by Taiwanese Southern Min in the past fifty years, and the directions of changes can be clarified. The results of this research can fill a thirty-four year academic gap, during which Kaxabu was left undocumented. At the same time, it leaves linguistic records of contemporary Kaxabu, which can be used for further research and revitalization. Morphosyntactic changes witnessed in Kaxabu show how an agglutinating language can be affected by an isolating language, and how it can contribute to theories of linguistics typology, language contact, and language change.