明代中期一位舉人的通判仕宦經歷──以劉良臣《壯遊記》為中心的考察

The Study of a Juren's official Career as an Assistant Prefect in the Mid-Ming Dynasty：Focus on Liu Liang-Chen’s "Zhuang-You-Ji"

李昀樺(Yun-hua Li)

指導教授 ： 吳雅婷 ； 唐立宗

國立暨南國際大學/人文學院/歷史學系/碩士(2018年)

摘要

本文以明代一名通判劉良臣（1482-1550）的自傳記錄《壯遊記》作為主要材料，欲探討的問題是明中期的通判──主要是揚州府與寧夏軍鎮──職務內容為何？為此先以《諸司職掌》、《大明會典》、《明實錄》等明代政書典籍，及地方志書、《明史》等材料，簡述明代通判的出身、選官、遷轉、考核、員額、職掌等基本概況。接著透過劉良臣的通判經歷，分析他在揚州府與寧夏地區的通判職務。通判初設於宋代，復設於明初，正六品，為府一級的佐貳官。其職掌隨著地方事務的需要而擴增，從一開始的協管府事衍生到帶銜十餘種不同的專職任務，可見通判的通用性、工具性之角色功能。劉良臣在揚州府的通判職務，包括有鹽務、河道、巡捕、賦役等工作。揚州府因漕運與鹽務，故常派大員監督管理，因此各級官員眾多，而劉良臣由於個性因素先後得罪多位官員，之後調往寧夏擔任管糧通判。職務主要為調查錢糧出納、徵收拖欠倉糧，以及問理詞訟案件。自劉良臣的例子，可以看到在明代中期，作為一個舉人出身的通判，在地方行政中所扮演的角色與所面臨的困境。通判的任務多寡，是由巡撫、巡按與二司所決定。劉良臣在揚州府受到諸多猜忌，而在寧夏受到上級的信任，因此任務繁重。即使被指派執行重要任務，仍舊改變不了職卑權輕的事實。

關鍵字

通判 ； 明代 ； 舉人 ； 揚州 ； 寧夏

並列摘要

This thesis explores the functions of Assistant Prefect in the Mid-Ming Dynasty(mainly about Yangzhou Prefecture and Ningxia), and using Liu Liang-Ｃhen’s “Zhuang You Ji” as historical documents. The study start with describing Assistant Prefect system, such as Chushen, selection system, Promotion and Emotion, qualification examination, number, functions, by using “Zhu Si Zhi Zhang”, “Da Ming Hui Dian”, “Ming Shi Lu”, and “Ming Shi”. Then analyze his duties in Yangzhou prefecture and Ningxia through his experience as an Assistant Prefect.
Assistant Prefect is rank 6a, which was first founded in Sung, and reset in the early Ming Dynasty. The functions will increase, when it’s necessary for local government, from prefecture to several tasks. It shows that any task might be assigned to Assistant Prefect, also represent it’s applicability. When Liu Liang-Chen work in Yangzhou Prefecture, his functions including salt administration, river management, arrest gangsters and tax. However the government sent officers to supervise river management and salt administration frequently, plenty of officers gather in Yangzhou prefecture. Liu Liang-Chen offended several officers. He was transferred to Ningxia as Assistant Prefect in grain administration. His main functions in Ningxia was inspecting grain and tax revenue in the guards and battalions.
Liu Liang-Chen’s expirence shows the difficulty and roles of Assistant Prefect in Mid-Ming Dynasty. The quantity of task was desided by Governor, Regional Inspector, Provincial Administration Commission and Provincial surveillance commission. Though he was trusted by superior in Ningxia, and take charge of important task. Still can’t change the fact, that a Juren's official Career as an Assistant Prefect is just rank 6a.

並列關鍵字

Assistant Prefect ； Ming Dynasty ； Juren ； Yangzhou ； Ningxia

參考文獻

一、古籍史料

（一）、政書典籍

1.む明め不著撰人，《諸司職掌》，《玄覽堂叢書》，臺北：正中書局據明刊本影印，1981。

2.む明め史起蜇（編），む明め張矩（撰），《兩淮鹽法志》，收入《北京圖書館古籍珍本叢刊》史部•政書類58，北京：書目文獻出版社據清抄本影印，1988。

3.む明め申時行等（修），む明め趙用賢等（纂），む萬曆め《大明會典》，收入《續修四庫全書》史部•政集類789，上海：上海古籍出版社據明萬曆內府刻本影印，1997。