"扛與抗"：在台東南亞新移民女性家務分工之經驗與因應

全球化的趨勢帶來人口的移動與跨國家庭型態的形成，促使家務研究者對於跨國家庭內的性別與家務分工情況產生興趣。但針對東南亞新移民女性家務分工的研究著墨極少，為進一步瞭解東南亞新移民女性在台家務分工的樣貌，本研究採質性研究，將家務分工的項目定為六大項-照顧親人、烹調工作、家庭清潔、子女教養、家庭經濟與親屬聯繫，依效標抽樣選定適合的研究對象，採半結構式深度訪談法加以分類，並依「家務分工層級模式」─結構與理念因素中建構影響家務分工之因素加以分類，最後將造成研究參與者壓力之家務分工項目依其壓力因應方式－正向再評估、表達感受尋求支持、面對現實解決問題、置之不理與訴諸天命予以論述。家務分工類型中「蠟燭兩頭燒」之東南亞新移民女性身兼經濟與勞務分工，身心壓力感受性大；「悠遊自得樣」之東南亞新移民女性僅從事勞務分工，經濟分工無須擔負，家務自由度較高；「團結力量大」之東南亞新移民女性雖家庭經濟擔子重但勞務有同住或鄰近親人分擔，親人緊密度較高；「女人何苦難為女人」之東南亞新移民女性僅擔負「勞務分工」，家庭經濟無虞，唯婆媳問題相處最感無奈。影響家務分工的因素主要為傳統性別角色男外女內思維進行，家庭經濟以丈夫為主，家庭勞務以妻子為要；丈夫與妻子相較工作性質固定且工時長，丈夫相對勞務分工付出的時間遠不及妻子；家庭形式為「折衷家庭」，在家務的責任上較受公婆的監督，若為「小家庭」，家務分工取決於夫妻雙方；家務分工乃順應家庭生命週期，重點不盡相同，東南亞新移民女性婚姻初期以照顧幼兒為主，隨著孩子就學而適時外出工作，且依賴丈夫給予孩子課業上的指導；夫妻的價值觀以擁有權力較多者的觀點行事，通常丈夫擁有較多的資源與權力，因此丈夫對家務分工的喜好影響力遠大於妻子。東南亞新移民女性最感壓力的家務項目分別為家庭經濟、子女教養與照顧親人/親屬聯繫，面對家庭經濟的缺口，東南亞新移民女性通常選擇外出工作解決家庭經濟收支不穩的困境；面對子女教養的困境，東南亞新移民女性通常尋求多元的管道以協助孩子學習行為上的問題；面對照顧親人/親屬聯繫的壓力，東南亞新移民女性最終選擇置之不理的消極方式回應壓力。從運用各種可能的資源讓自己與家人從困境中站起來甚至變的更強壯，無非是堅強的韌力驅使而不斷的往前邁進。

關鍵字

東南亞新移民女性；家務分工；因應方式

並列摘要

The trend of globalization resulted in population movement and formation of cross-cultural family types, and prompted housework researchers to take an interest in gender and division of housework in these families. However, only a few of studies focus on the division of housework labor in the cross-cultural families in Taiwan. To further understand the condition of division of housework of the female immigrants from Southeast Asia in Taiwanese families, this study employs qualitative research methods.. In this study, the division of housework was divided into six parts: taking care of relatives, cooking, cleaning, parenting, family economy and maintaining kinship ties. Participants were selected via purposive sampling. The study method is mainly based on semi-structured interview. The types of division of housework are studied and classified through verbatim transcription. The division of housework hierarchy model is used. On the basis of the structure and ideological factors which constructed and affected division of housework, the parts of division of housework which caused participants' stress were discussed in terms of the stress coping methods, inclusing positive re-evaluation, expressing feelings to seek outside support, facing the stress to solve problems, neglect and fatalism. In different types of division of housework, the immigrants who burn the candle at both ends are under great pressure because they had to deal with economy and division of labor simultaneously. The immigrants who feel content only had to deal with division of labor without bearing economic burden and they have more freedom about housework. The immigrants who unit together for strength bear heavy economic burden, but they share labor with family members and keep very close family ties. The immigrants who have problem in getting along with their mothers-in-law only bear division of labor without economic burden, but they have difficulty in getting along well with their in-laws. The factor which affected division of housework was mainly the patriarchal ideology: men are breadwinners and women are homemakers. Husbands work regularly for long hours and spend far less time on division of labor than their wives. This family form is called stem family in which in-laws supervised housework more. In a nuclear family, division of housework is depending on husbands and wives. Division of housework should follow the family life circle. In the early years of marriage, new female immigrants from Southeast Asia revolve around taking care of children. As children grow up and attend school, these immigrants go out to work and rely on husbands to help children with schoolwork. The realization of values of husbands and wives is based on which person is more powerful in a family. Usually, husbands have more resources and power, so they have more say on their preference for division of housework than their wives. For these female immigrants, the most stressful parts of housework are family economy, parenting and taking care of relatives/kinship ties . When dealing with family economic burden, they often choose to go out to work to make ends meet. When dealing with difficulty in parenting, they often look for various supports to help children with their behavioral problems. When dealing with stress of taking care of relatives/kinship ties, they passively respond to stress by neglecting it. They use various resources to make themselves and family stronger. It is their tenacity to make them constantly stride forward.