父權隨行─從小金門到汶萊第一代女性移民的經驗（1919-1929）

小金門人自1835年起，即揭開了移動到汶萊的移民序幕，維持家計、躲避戰爭等因素形成了男性的移民推力，在這樣的脈絡之下，女性移民的移動因素卻僅僅是男性成員的跟隨者。本研究探討七位自小金門移民至汶萊的第一代小金門女性的生命故事，藉由其報導人之生命故事理解「性別與移動」之間的關聯性，並討論在移動之後「性別秩序與權力關係變化的過程及結果」。　　小金門女性移民移動到接待社會汶萊遇到了父權宰制的空窗期，使得女性在環境中多了為自己做決定的機會；家庭結構轉變為核心家庭，也讓兩性雙方有了較為平衡的性別關係；移民生活中夫妻之間的共同努力，看出了女性在移民脈絡中的身影。然而，女性移民在父權文化的影響下，「從夫居」的觀念，讓女性移民期望在接待社會中依附於男性配偶；「男主外、女主內」的傳統性別角色，迫使女性合理的生存在蠟燭多頭燒的生活當中；女性移民只願與兒子同住，體現了「從子居」的父權思維。　　因此，當金門原鄉的父系宗族主義與女有歸文化的互相結盟，架構出了父權式性別規範，在女性移民內化了父權式性別規範的同時，女性移民就與移動後帶來性別秩序鬆動的機會脫鉤，換言之，女性在接待社會中所呈現的性別秩序與權力關係仍屬於父權式性別規範的運作範疇，她們無法看見移動帶來性別秩序鬆動的可能，透過日常生活的具體實踐反而又再次的鞏固了父權式的性別規範。

關鍵字

父系宗族主義；女有歸文化；父權式性別規範；小金門女性移民；汶萊

並列摘要

People in Little Kinmen started their first exodus to Brunei Since 1835. There are many reasons why people emigrate. For male migrants, the biggest push factors came from poverty and war while for female, the only reason they migrated was to follow the men. This research covers seven women's life experiences of being the first generation to immigrate from Little Kinmen to Brunei. These experiences are going to tell us the connection between gender and immigration. In addition, they also explain the transformation of the roles of men and women by stating how it changed and what it changed into after the migration. Patriarchy had been shaken after the first generation of female immigrants settled down in Brunei, which ended up to be a turning point for women to have their own voice. The introduction of nuclear family changed the traditional stereotypes of gender roles, balancing the once inequivalent relation between men and women. Male and female immigrants shared the difficulties of living in a new environment in a way that highlights female social status. However, under the influence of patriarchy, the idea of adhering to the male never disappeared. Female immigrants still expected themselves to be dependent on men after moving to the destination country. They'd been marked as home-oriented since long time ago; therefore, the stereotype can hardly be removed. As a result, life became even tougher for women since they had to take on the responsibility of being a mother and a career woman at the same time. Also, women would only be willing to live with their sons rather than daughters, which explains another idea of patriarchy. Patriarchal gender conventions was formed by the combination of ancestral ideas and the ending of traditional women. As the female internalized patriarchal gender conventions, they also at the same time detached themselves from the opportunities coming with the shaken patriarchal system. In another word, in the destination country, women still adhered to the rules and conventions of patriarchy even if there was a chance for them to change. Despite the many possibilities brought by immigration, women refused to become empowered by living behind the curtain, which once again strengthened the patriarchal system.