泰北孤軍後裔的認同協商

本文以泰北孤軍後裔為對象，研究他們在流離遷移後，錯綜複雜的認同。根據認同的理論來說，認同與遷移之間關係密切。遷移可以影響人的自我認同、被認同。在時空環境產生變化後，認同可能隨之改變；因此，人的認同有可能是雙重或多元的。而認同變化的結果，也會影響遷移者的行為，並在他們身上展現出對原生社會和接待社會的親/疏距離。這是一種自他關係不斷協商的過程；這種過程，有時會使人做出一些與原有認同相反的行為。本文發現，對許多人而言，認同不是問題，「你是誰/什麼人?」很容易回答；但是對原先留在泰緬邊界、後來四處遷移的孤軍後裔來說，這個問題很難回答。在可能談到認同問題時，他們會自動繞路；若不得不碰觸認同時，他們常常看情況回答。為什麼會這樣？本文認為，這與他們持續遷移的經歷有關。他們背負著上一代的認同（以中華文化為榮），但不見容於泰國政府。他們生長在山區，被泰緬社會貼上負面標籤；為了生存，他們必須隱藏原有的認同；為了往上爬，他們必須向在地文化低頭，甚至認同。於是他們內心湧現種種的矛盾、掙扎；他們不斷地協商，思索認同，並對原生社會和接待社會產生了親/疏距離。除此之外，本文還發現當他們遷移到了第三空間，台灣，他們不再受「Jin Ho」標籤的束縛。因此時空環境的轉變可以影響他們的自我認同，並促使新認同的形成。

關鍵字

泰北孤軍後裔；認同協商；多元認同

並列摘要

The research detailed in this document intended to investigate the complicated identities of KMT Yunnanese descendants from northern Thailand after their displacement or migration. According to identity theory, migration has a close link with identity. It may influence one’s identity and also affect the ability to feel accepted by the host society. Identity, furthermore, can vary depending upon the different migration place, time, and space. As a result, one may develop double or even multiple identities. A “mixed” identity may also affect migrants’ behaviors, since it can result in confusion regarding how close to or distant from the migrants feel regarding their host and original societies. This is because migrants are confronted with the process of identity negotiation (between the original-culture and host-culture identities). This negotiation process is continual, and results in a display of behaviors that may contrast with behaviors migrants would display had they kept their original identity intact. This study has discovered that for the question of “Who are you?” which the non-migrant may think is easy one, is very tough for KMT Yunnanese descendants. Many of those living in Thailand keep their identity secret in Thai society, and when confronted with this question, attempt to obfuscate their answer or provide an indefinite one. Additionally, an individual will respond to this question based upon the particular circumstances at the time of the inquiry. What are the social and psychological effects that result from such a phenomenon? This research has found that migration contexts have a deep effect on KMT descendants. Many have taken on the previous generation’s identity, one that regards Chinese identity as superior. The expression of this identity is disliked and disparaged by the Thai government and its representatives. Since KMT descendants grew up in remote mountain areas, they are labeled with a negative stereotype referred to as “Jin Ho”. Thus, to flourish in their adopted county and to raise their standard of living, they hide their original identity, which in turn leads to its degradation. This identity conflict consumes their thinking, and causes them to constantly engage in a negotiation between two identities, making it difficult to find an identity that will become a comfortable compromise. This study also examined the effect on identity when KMT descendants move to a third country such as Taiwan. This new change in time and space results in new forms of identity formation, the most significant one being KMT Yunnanese descendants feel liberated from being identified as “Jin Ho”.