異境/藝境：徐渭詩文中的疾病與自我

徐渭（1521-1593）在中國文學史上著名的「瘋子」和「天才」。徐渭為何值得被研究？以及吾人現今對他的理解和認識是否正確？因此，「徐渭是一個怎樣瘋子？」是本論文研究最早開始的一個詰問。此問題的提出係因，往往當我們認識這個名字時，就直接等同於認識「徐渭是一個瘋子」。係因，我們對於徐渭的人物印象總先於作品，他的瘋狂、自殘與殺妻入獄，特殊而引人注目。然而，卻在閱讀了許多相關研究後，筆者以為很多關於徐渭的「奇特事蹟」，都變成一種過度的誇大、渲染和人云亦云。故重新認識徐渭，從徐渭自身的書寫認識徐渭實為必要。本文主要從徐渭的自我書寫、疾病與治療和其奇崛的藝術表現等三個面向作為開展，由各方面探索徐渭的詩文內容和心理以冀瞭解徐渭特殊的「異」境。首先，觀察徐渭在每個生命歷程如何觀看自己，此可視為廣義的自傳，並從幾個側面深入試圖暸解其心理的內在風景。此外，考察徐渭實際罹患的身體疾病與心理疾病項目，以及其對死亡的觀點。在吾人對徐渭有了層層遞進地理解後，由其詩文中無論是奇詭的夢境、鬼語、怪誕、感官聯覺之書寫，乃至於強調書法的暴力張狂和驚蛇入草等，皆可由徐渭自身的創作而察校出更多的線索和連結關係。徐渭因人奇而藝奇，即「藝以人奇」，但在這說法的標籤下，吾人應進一步理解徐渭真正的本質形象，因此，「我們究竟認不認識徐渭？」遂變成本文研究的主要開展問題與動機。我們看到的徐渭經常是後代撰述、衍義或傳頌的徐渭，但徐渭自己的聲音呢？他的文字裡透露了什麼樣的玄機與密碼？其人之特殊經歷與其文學藝術表現究竟如何相互建構彼此？是否可見其有機的脈絡連結？以及就文學研究來說，其特殊的藝術魅力和表現形式如何？乃至徐渭在明代中期過渡到明代晚期的文化影響，或者說徐渭彷彿預示了明代晚期的某些文化傾向等等，皆為本論文欲探究論述的論題角度。

關鍵字

徐渭；自我；疾病；治療；異境；感官

並列摘要

Xu Wei (1521-1593) was a famous “madman” and “genius” in the history of Chinese literature. For what reason is he worth being researched? And are our understanding and cognition on him correct? Therefore, “What a mad man Xu Wei was?” was the interrogating question raised at the beginning of this study. This question was raised because the idea “Xu Wei was a madman.” used to be recognized directly whenever this name was first acquainted. As a result of Xu Wei’s special and conspicuous figure impression such as madness, self-harm, and imprisonment due to killing his wife, he used to be acquainted prior to his works. However, the author, after reading lots of relative researches, found that many “peculiar deeds” he had acted were merely exaggeration, playing up, and parroting. Consequently, it was crucial necessary to get acquainted with Xu Wei through his self-writing. This paper mainly developed three aspects, his illness, therapy, and abrupt artistic expression, to explore contents and psychology in his poems and prose in order to look into his special “fantastic” realm. Firstly, Xu Wei’s perspective on himself in each course of life was deemed as a generalized biography and from several perspectives in-depth understanding on his psychological landscape was also attempted. Besides, in investigation into the physical and psychological diseases Xu Wei actually had, as well as his perspective on death, comprehension on Xu Wei progressively advanced. In consequence, clues in and connections in his creations of poems and prose were found between strange dreams, ghost speech, and weird and jointly sensorial writings, as well as calligraphy which he emphasized to express in manner of violence and insolence and like a disturbed snake escaping into grass. Xu Wei’s art was peculiar due to his peculiar personality, i.e. “Peculiar personality, peculiar art.” With such an existing label on Xu Wei, it is necessary to appreciate Xu Wei’s nature and impression. Therefore, “Do we know Xu Wei at all?” became the initial question and motivation in this paper. What people read about Xu Wei were compiled, evolved, and, eulogized by later writers. But what was Xu Wei’s own saying? What secret and code did his words reveal? How did his special experience and expression of literary art construct each other? Did organic context and link emerge? How was his special artistic fascination and expressional form with regard to literature research? What were the cultural influences Xu Wei had when Ming Dynasty was transiting from middle period to late period, which seemed to omen some cultural trends of late Ming?