漢語方言顎化現象研究

PALATALIZATION IN CHINESE DIALECTS

張淑萍(CHANG SHU PING)

指導教授 ： 姚榮松

國立臺灣師範大學/文學院/中國文學系研究所/博士(2008年)

摘要

「顎化」出現在許多語言學的討論中，但是各家對這種語音現象的界定不盡相同，例如立陶宛語中的顎化現象就和拉丁語的顎化所指涉的內容不同，漢語方言中的顎化現象亦然。俯瞰漢語方言的顎化型態，就會發現各種方言精彩多姿的顎化表現。
若純粹以中古音中的見系字、精系字在現代漢語方言中的表現來區分漢語方言顎化的類型，可將漢語的顎化分為四大類型。若依據語音學中顎化發生所需的語音成分以及顎化後發生的語音變異，則這四大類型又可區分成若干種次類型。從這些漢語方言中的顎化型態，可以推求並解釋漢語發生顎化的歷史過程。
漢語方言的顎化現象還有一些有趣的語音演變，顎化主要發生於滋絲音，在顎化發生之後主要能有兩個發展途徑，一個是顎化後發生舌尖化，一個是顎化後發生捲舌化，許多方言事實都能證明漢語顎化後有以上兩種發展，而顎化音也有可能向前或向後演變成塞音。
顎化現象對傳統聲韻學的研究而言是一個淺顯易懂的語音現象，當大量的漢語方言地理事實呈現在眼前時，許多的語音演變規律也得以彰顯，本論文中雖蒐集並整理了大量的漢語方言調查資料，也嘗試從中釐析一些語音規律，但相信仍有許多語音現象值得探究，留待日後作更深入的探索。

關鍵字

顎化 ； 條件音變 ； 平舌化 ； 卷舌化 ； 文白異讀

並列摘要

The term palatalization crops up in many linguistic discussions, but in an almost bewildering variety of uses. The kind of palatalization one encounters in Lithuanian differs from that in Latin. The same is also true for Chinese dialects; a dizzying array of types presents themselves as one goes from south to north and from east to west.
There are four basic types of palatalization in Chinese dialects if we take into account only the evolution of the ancient Chinese plain sibilant and velar initial, and each can be further broken down into several sub-types if minor phonological behaviours are considered. As a break from past studies, a number of cases on the path toward palatalization are also included as they shed some light on how palatalization has taken place in the history of Chinese language.
Surrounding palatalization is a number of interesting sound changes. There are basically, within sibilants, two further developments after palatalization process. A palatalized sound may go on to become a plain sibilant or a retroflex. Incidences of these changes are so commonplace as to be found almost everywhere in China’s linguistic landscape, north and south. That said, it dosen’t exhaust the whole story; a palatal sound may also give rise to a stop, front or back.
Palatalization may sound a simple phonetic process in the study of Chinese historical phonology. But when a large-scale horizontal comparison is undertaken the picture that emerges as a result is as perplexing as it is colorful, much of which has evaded many. Admittedly, with the plenitude of Chinese dialects, there remains a huge stock of pockets buried in the sea of data that require further in-depth explorations.

並列關鍵字

palatalization ； conditioned-change ； de-palatalization ； literary and colloquial readings

參考文獻

楊時逢 《湖南方言調查報告》 台北：中央研究院史語所 1974年

董同龢 《上古音韻表稿》 台北：中央研究院史語所 1944年

王本瑛 〈莊初崇生三等字在方言中的反映〉 《聲韻論叢》第五輯 p.409-432

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