- 學位論文
從台灣話及匈牙利語看可視性理論
The Visibility Theory: Evidence from Taiwanese and Hungarian
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摘要
我們反對不徵（underpsecification），取而代之的是可視性理論（the Visibility Theory）。在該理論中，基底的音徵是全部標出的，同時，規則∕限制可以標誌成是和對比（contrastive）、有標（marked）或全部的音徵作用。利用這樣的分別解釋（不）透明性且不會導致連接線交叉的情形。 我們將可視性理論套用到台灣話的鼻化及匈牙利語的元音和諧。 我們提出兩條鼻音擴散規則以解釋台灣話的鼻化。其中一條是以音節為範疇、與有標音徵作用；另一條則是以音步為範疇、與全部音徵作用。鼻母音和音節鼻音的[+鼻]可以擴散但鼻音的卻不可以，藉由不同類型的音徵得到了解釋。為了照顧音節縮略和祕密語，我們認為這兩條規則是循環性（cyclic）的。音節縮略後有一個循環，然而祕密語其後則有兩個循環。 我們視匈牙利語的元音和諧為與對比音徵作用、從詞根擴散有標[+後]至後綴的結果。關於[epsilon]作為中性（neutral）母音還是和諧母音此一爭論已久的問題，可視性理論認為是後者—此一觀點有部分的實證支持。再者，e[length]-a[length]轉換不視為是元音和諧的一部份，因為e[length]的不對比性致使其無法被和諧現象所見。就可視性理論來說，排除該轉換於和諧現象之外，實提升了匈牙利語音韻的經濟性。
並列摘要
Underspecification is argued against. The vacancy thus created is replaced by the Visibility Theory. In the Visibility Theory, features are fully specified in the underlying representation and rules/constraints are said to have access to contrastive, marked, or all feature specification. Different accessibilities account for the transparency/opacity without association line crossing. The Visibility Theory is put into use to cope with the nasalization in Taiwanese and the vowel harmony in Hungarian. The nasalization in Taiwanese is explained by two nasal spreading rules. In one, the rule has syllable as its domain and access to marked feature specification. In the other, the rule has foot as its domain and access to all feature specification. That [+nasal] of nasal vowel or syllabic nasal can be spread but of (plain) nasal cannot is explained by the accessibility difference. Syllable contraction and secret language transformation are dealt with by assuming that the two rules are cyclic. There is one cycle after syllable contraction, but there are two cycles after secret language transformation. The vowel harmony in Hungarian is realized as having access to contrastive feature specification and spreading the marked [+back] from root to suffix. That long-debated question of whether [epsilon] is a neutral or harmonic vowel is answered by the Visibility Theory as being harmonic, which is partially supported by the empirical evidence. The alternation e[length]-a[length] is not considered as vowel harmony because the vowel harmony rule cannot see the noncontrastive e[length]. The elimination of the alternation from the vowel harmony enhances the economicity of the Hungarian phonology from the Visibility Theory perspective.
參考文獻
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