年齡與練習次序對桌球發球時宜之影響

The effect of age and practice order on the timing of table tennis serve

莊國良(Kuo-Liang Chuang)

指導教授 ： 劉有德

國立臺灣師範大學/運動與休閒學院/運動科學研究所/碩士(2010年)

摘要

桌球比賽過程中干擾很大，你來我往的過程中充滿許多不確定性，好的發球可以幫助我們搶得先機。兩邊快速長球是桌球發球基礎，更是比賽突擊的秘密武器，但常常發現發球練習表現優良的學習者，進入比賽後表現卻不如想像中的好，到底這項技能是受到怎樣的干擾？從動作發展角度來看兒童對於力量與動作知覺比成人稍差，可能造成年齡對於不同練習次序的影響，本研究目的在探討不同年齡在不同練習安排下對桌球發球時宜表現的影響。研究對象以大專乙組桌球選手8名(19-22歲)、國民小學桌球校隊兒童8名(9-10歲)，其中參與者皆經過1~2年正式訓練(一週3~5次)，且皆可以完成發快速長球與下旋短球。本研究方法採用平衡設計的方式，每位參與者都必須進行集團和隨機的練習：1.集團練習：快速發長球，一邊發完20顆再換另外一邊；2.隨機練習：包括不重複隨機執行兩邊快速長球與下旋短球各20顆，只收集快速長球的資料。最後蒐集球拍和球的三維運動學數據，進行三因子統計分析（方向2＊練習次序2＊年齡2）。結果發現1.成人和兒童都會因為隨機次序而降低擊球速度，但只有兒童隨機時準確率會顯著下降。2.兒童的變異性較大，沒有穩定的時宜表現，成人除了有比較穩定的時宜表現，隨機次序時會使用比較穩定的拋球高度來維持準確率的表現。

關鍵字

情境干擾 ； 隨機 ； 集團 ； 桌球發球

並列摘要

Each rally of a competitive table tennis game is unpredictable and complicated. A good service in the table tennis game would help the player to generate more score opportunities. The fast no-spin serve of table tennis is a basic but important skill in table tennis. It often occurs to the players that while perfect in practice, the fast no-spin serve fails at the critical match play. What was affected in the table tennis match? From the perspective of motor development, children have less control of muscular strength and poorer perception of movement than adults. It is possible that there may be an age effect on the performance of table tennis serve under different practice order. The purpose of this study was to investigate the timing of table tennis serve in different age groups and practice order. Eight male amateur table tennis players (19-22 yrs.) and eight children (9-10 yrs.) from an elementary school table tennis team all with two years of table tennis experience (3~5 sessions/week) attended the experiment. The participants were required to make 80 forehand fast, long no-spins and 40 Forehand short backspins serves. Two different experimental conditions were as follows: 1. Blocked condition with a consecutive 20 fast, long no-spin serves to the right and left corners. 2. Random condition with a schedule of no-repeat 20 long and short serves to each side of the target area (30cm*30cm), resulting in a total of 80 serves for each participant. Two high speed cameras (200fps) and a 3D motion digitizing system were used to capture the ball/bat kinematic data. The data were submitted to the three way (2 direction X 2 condition X 2 age) mixed design ANOVA. The results showed that, 1: Adults and children reduced the velocity of bat at the ball-bat contact in the random condition, but the reduction of accuracy only occurred for children; 2: Children were more variable in the timing performances than adults, adults were able to decrease the variability of the height of ball toss under random condition.

並列關鍵字

Context Interference ； ball-bat contact ； Time to contact

參考文獻

林星帆、劉淑燕 (2005)。段落練習與串聯練習對撞球控球表現與學習的影響－檢驗情境干擾假說。台灣運動心理學報，7，37-52。

徐明偉、劉有德 (2006)。桌球發球時宜之探討。體育學報，39(2)，95-106。

宋一夫 (1999)。不同背景干擾對於排球發球技能之影響。未出版碩士論文，國立台灣師範大學，台北市。

邱馨慧 (2007)。發展協調障礙兒童執行視覺空間注意力情境下大腦相關事件誘發電位之探討。未出版碩士論文，國立成功大學，台南市。

林星帆 (2006)。情境干擾效應在動作學習領域之後設分析。未出版碩士論文，國立中正大學，嘉義縣。