古印度佛教圖像分析與應用以菩提樹、釋迦牟尼佛佛象、蓮花為例

Analysis and Application of Early Indian Buddhism Icon Take bodhi tree, Sakyamuni Buddha Image and Lotus Example

陳昭蓉(CHEN CHAO-JUNG)

指導教授 ： 尹彬

國立臺灣師範大學/藝術學院/設計研究所在職進修碩士班/碩士(2011年)

摘要

世界四大宗教之一的佛教為釋迦牟尼佛( Śākya-mūni )於西元前528年於印度所創，印度佛教美術發展的轉變與宗教哲學思想的開展有著密切的關聯性，本研究探討古印度佛教無佛像時期象徵佛陀的菩提樹，與佛像時期釋迦牟尼佛之圖像意涵與造形變革，發覺此二種區間象徵圖像在古印度佛教歷史意義與發展所具有的開創性，是形成佛教象徵圖像的造形風格轉變之意義，蓮花在佛教是聖潔之花其與佛教藝術間的關係是值得探討。
針對研究範圍之主題：無佛像時期象徵佛陀的菩提樹、佛像時期釋迦牟尼佛、佛教代表聖潔之蓮花，進行圖像意義、圖像風格之探討，透過研究歷程所得將象徵圖像圖形轉化原則應用為創作參考元素。
本研究歸納出以下結論：
1.菩提樹此種離開地面向上空間的成長與深入另一空間的穩紮是出自於生命本質，此種同時延伸於二種空間的生命力被古印度人認為是宇宙生命開展的象徴。佛陀在菩提樹下成等正覺，「菩提樹」本為生命意象變成象徵佛陀的「智慧之樹」。
2.釋迦牟尼佛像最初出現時仍是與「佛傳圖」等佛陀的故事結合，爾後漸形成釋迦牟尼佛像獨立出現，不再依附於「佛傳圖」與故事的結合。可視為信眾對於佛陀的信仰忠誠己不需藉由任何故事性的喻示來強化其為天人間導師的神聖價值，因此獨立之釋迦牟尼佛像實已超越佛圖傳的義意。
3.蓮花也是釋迦牟尼佛誕生時出現的瑞相之一具有聖潔的深度意涵，蓮花在佛經典中常被稱為寶蓮華，因其具備寶相、吉相的特質，蓮花因從花、實、莖、葉造形都呈現優美的意象形態，富有裝飾意味，故在佛教藝術常見蓮花形成的裝飾圖案。

關鍵字

古印度佛教 ； 佛教象徵圖像 ； 無佛像時期 ； 釋迦牟尼佛像 ； 菩提樹 ； 蓮花

並列摘要

Buddhism, one of the four major religions in the world, was founded by Sakyamuni Buddha in 528 B.C. The transition of. the development of Buddhist at and the concept of religious philosophy are closely connected. The research discusses the bodhi tree which symbolizes Buddha during the period of no Buddha statues as well as the meaning of the image of Sakyamuni Buddha. and the transformation of icons during the period of statues of the Buddha. It is found that the two distinctive representations are significantly the mark of the beginning in the.meaning.and development.of ancient Indian Buddhism history. It is the.meaning.behind the formation of the transformation in image and style of Buddism icon. Lotus is a sacred flower in Buddism.therefore. The relationship between lotus and Buddhist art is worth further discussing.
The subjects of the research: discussion on the meaning of the iconsand their styles between the bodhi tree symbolizing Buddha during the period of no Buddhist statues, Sakyamuni Buddha during the period of Buddhist statues and lotus the significance of as purity in Buddhism. Through the progressive resulf of the research, the principle of function of represented Buddhist image and icons can be transformed into a source for reference fur cneation.
The relevant results of research to the above-mentioned research can be catagorized as followed:
1. The bodhi tree, growing out of the ground and develop into another dimention, is from the essence of life. This vitality of extending into two dimentions at the same time is regarded as the expansion of universe lives by ancient Indians. Buddha became enlightened under the bodhi tree. “The bodhi tree” which is the image of life,is transformed into the representation of “ the tree of wisdom” of the Buddha.
2. When the image of Sakyamuni Buddha fist emerged,it was combined with the Buddha stories of “Phanigiri.”Eventually the image of Buddha appeared alone. It does not rely on the “Phanigiri” and stories as a combination.It is considered that followers’ faith in Buddha no longer requive any stories to reinforce the value of the Buddha as a teacher of the devas and centient being. Therefore, the independent image of Sakyamuni Buddha has indeed excelled beyond the meaning of “Phanigiri”
3. Lotus, one of the auspicious symbols that appeared at the birth of Sakyamuni Buddha, means purity. Lotus is often refevred as the Jewelled Lotus in the Sutras. Since lotus has the quality of being valuable and auspicious as symbols, it is presented in an elegant form from its flower, fruit, stem,and leaves. It bears the sense for decoration, therefore lotus decoration is often seen in Buddhism art.

並列關鍵字

ancient IIndian Buddhism ； Buddha icon ； no statues of the Buddha ； Sakyamuni Buddha image ； bodhi tree ； lotus

參考文獻

É.Lamotte（1958）Histoire du bouddhisme indien. Louvain

參考文獻

Anlré Migot（1990）。Le Bouddha （The Buddha） 。 Club Francaise du Liver , Complexe,（Original work published 1960）。

Radhakumud Mookeerji（2002）。,Asoka, Motial Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited,Delhi,Reprint。

Roy,C Craven（1994）。Indian Art, Thames and Hudson, Reprinted