湘西苗語狀貌詞研究

Ideophones in Xiangxi Miao

洪于茜

指導教授 ： 孫天心

國立臺灣師範大學/文學院/國文學系/碩士(2011年)

摘要

苗瑤語是中國南方及東南亞重要的語言集團，與漢語有深遠而密切的接觸關係，地位十分重要。湘西苗語屬於本語族苗語支之下苗語東部方言，向來被認為存有豐富的「狀詞」，但該術語內涵不清，迄今尚無審視其詞品性質之嚴謹論證。故本論文援引1970年代語言學家進行非洲語言研究時所提出的「狀貌詞」(ideophone, expressive)術語，大量蒐集湘西苗語表達狀貌語意的相關詞彙，首度揭櫫這類語詞特有的形態模式與特殊的句法功能，進一步與語意相似的擬聲詞語和狀語比較，以確立湘西苗語的「狀貌詞」詞類。
句法方面，湘西苗語狀貌詞可作為狀語及非動詞謂語使用，與一般作為狀語的詞彙不同。形態上豐富的變化模式則是湘西苗語狀貌詞作為獨立詞品最重要的證據，如下所列：(R表示詞根，R’為墊音音節)
1 R-R ：基本形態模式，可用以形容靜態或動態動作的速度或狀貌
[±動態] [+連續性]
2 tɑ44-R ：描述一次性瞬成動作 [+動態] [-連續性]
3 V-R’-V-R ：描述狀態與性質，程度較重疊式輕 [-動態] [+連續性]
4 (R’-R)’’-R’-R ：描述連續的狀態或動作 [±動態] [+連續性]
5 R’-R’-R-R ：描述狀態或動作，較重疊式更有整體形象感
[±動態] [±連續性] [+形象性]
6 R’-R-R’-R ：描述節奏性動貌 [+節奏性] [+動態]

湘西苗語狀貌詞以第一種「R-R」形態模式做為基本結構，隨著語意需要可調整形態模式，使語義更為形象生動。該語言除了狀貌詞外，其他詞類都沒有以上的形態變化，因此證明狀貌詞乃是一個獨立詞類，與擬聲詞或狀語不同。
依據形態句法特徵確立狀貌詞為獨立詞類之後，本論文進一步利用部分形容面部五官表情的狀貌詞示例，表現該詞類「形象生動、語義細膩」的語意特點，並將所蒐集之狀貌詞依語意分為六類，系統介紹各類狀貌詞的特色與用例。

關鍵字

苗瑤語族 ； 湘西苗語 ； 狀貌詞 ； 詞類劃分 ； 動貌模式 ； 形態句法

並列摘要

Miao-Yao languages constitute one of the primary language families of Southern China and Southeast Asia. They manifest a profound, prolonged contact relationship with Chinese, and occupy an unusually important place among the language groups of the region. The target language of this thesis, West-Hunan Miao, is none other than the eastern dialect of the Miao language (Miao branch, Miao-Yao family). The language has long been described as possessing abundant zhuang-ci (imitative or expressive words) in the Chinese descriptive works, an ill-defined term of unclear meanings. To refer to a subpart of what used to be called vaguely zhuang-ci, this thesis proposes the term ‘ideophones’, which has become standard in typological linguistics after its introduction in the 1970s from the investigation of African languages. A good many ideophones in West-Hunan Miao are assembled and analyzed in this thesis, and their unique morphological and syntactic properties are presented as evidence that they form a distinct lexical class in the target language.
The syntactic functions of West-Hunan Miao ideophones, unlike adverbials, include both adverbial modification and predication. Even more diagnostic evidence comes from morphology: ideophones in this language uniquely display as many as six morphological patterns operating on monosyllabic ideophone roots, shown as follows (where R= root, R’=rule-governed phonological variant of root):

I R-R states and movements [±dynamic] [+durable]
II tɑ44-R sudden semelfactive actions [+dynamic]
[-durable]
III V-R’-V-R states or qualities less vigorous than in
the R-R pattern
[-dynamic] [+durable] [-vigor]
IV (R’-R)’’-R’-R continuous states or movements
[±dynamic] [+durable]
V R’-R’-R-R states or movements; images more holistic
than the R-R pattern
[±dynamic] [±durable] [+holistic]
VI R’-R-R’-R rhythmic movements [+rhythmic] [+dynamic]

Of the above, R-R appears to be the basic pattern for West-Hunan Miao ideophones, from which the other variant morphological patterns are derived to express various Aktionsart meanings. These morphological patterns set ideophones clearly apart from the two semantically related word types, adverbials and onomatopoeic words.
Having established ideophones as a distinct word class on the basis of morphosyntactic criteria, the thesis proceeds to illustrate the semantic characteristics of ideophones---vividness of imagery and fine-tuned meaning differentiation---with a set of ideophones related to facial features and expressions, followed by a classification of ideophones into six semantic classes, and a systematic account of the semantic traits and usages of each class.

並列關鍵字

Miao-Yao language family ； West-Hunan Miao ； ideophone ； lexical classes ； morphosyntax

參考文獻

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17.趙元任 1930.《廣西瑤歌記音》，中央研究院歷史語言研究所單刊甲種之一。

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