安置於社區家園之成年智障者友伴關係之研究

The Peer Relationships of Adults with Mental Retardation in Shin-Lu Community Home

林純真(Chwen-Jen Lin)

指導教授 ： 盧台華

國立臺灣師範大學/教育學院/特殊教育學系/博士(2000年)

摘要

本研究旨在發展成年智障者友伴關係檢核表，用以評定成年智障者友伴關係現況，進而提出成年智障者友伴關係發展階段與組型模式。經採下列方法與步驟進行研究:(1)初步訪談與觀察，研究者依相關理論與文獻，編擬「成年智障者友伴關係脈絡分析表草案」及「成年智障者友伴關係檢核項目草案」，與學者專家及撰著智障者生活紀實的家長座談，並初訪成年智障者友伴關係部分脈絡後，據以修正研究脈絡及細目內容。(2)專家意見調查，經依自編「成年智障者友伴關係脈絡意見表」及「成年智障者友伴關係細目意見表」，請相關學者及實務工作者填答各脈絡及細目在友伴關係上的重要性及週延性意見，併訪談與觀察結果，予以相互回饋檢討後，刪除、合併、增列或修正脈絡及細目，形成可作為評量成年智障者友伴關係的檢核表。(3)直接訪談與觀察，經蒐集、分類、校正、歸納訪談與觀察成年智障者及重要他人所獲得的資料，以對社區家園成年智障者友伴關係現況，獲得微觀資訊，而後發展出「社區家園成年智障者友伴關係模式」。綜合本研究的主要發現如下：
一、「成年智障者友伴關係檢核表」的內涵結構與效度，本研究發現成年智障者友伴關係包括四項內涵結構，即 友伴關係的影響因素、友誼行為及脈絡、現有的友伴關係，及期待的友伴關係等；各項之下包括若干細目， 用以涵蓋整個成年智障者友伴關係應有範圍。
二、社區家園成年智障者友伴關係現況
１. 有關不同變項成年智障者之友伴關係方面，其中障礙程度、教育程度、口語能力、使用社區能力、工作能力 及家庭狀況等變項，可歸納出不同變項之間的友伴關係差距情形，包括友伴選擇對象、人數、友伴關係組型 ，及友伴關係發展階段等質量的不同。另外，性別、年齡、進入社區家園時間等變項，則未見明顯的友伴關 係差異存在。
２. 成年智障者在不同情境友伴關係的差異，主要受到場所、人物、活動等特質的影響。
３. 成年智障者與重要他人的友伴關係知覺，亦有差異，成年智障者對其過去、現在，甚至未來的友伴關係，有 較細緻的描述或較深度的期待，即使較抽象的概念，如友誼認知或友誼態度，亦多較重要他人表達較詳細的 看法。另外，成年智障者視其單向提名之保育員或志工為朋友；重要他人則未認同此點。
４. 訪談與觀察成年智障者的友伴關係方面，研究結果亦有所差距，部分「能言善道」友伴關係者，其實地表現 卻顯得退縮、羞怯或不知所措。亦有行動派者，訪談時所答內容有限，其實地友伴關係圖像卻鮮活明顯。
三、社區家園成年智障者友伴關係模式
１. 社區家園成年智障者的友伴關係，呈現「孤獨」，「成對」，「鏈狀」，「放射狀」及「網絡狀」友誼組型
２. 社區家園成年智障者友伴關係的發展階段，包括存在知覺、表面接觸、深入交往、衝突惡化，及終止友誼等 階段。智障者與常人的友伴關係的發展階段序階相同，惟並非每一位智障者均能達較高序階的階段。成年智障 者多能達到存在知覺與表面接觸階段。至於深入交往階段方面，智能障礙程度較輕者，始有機會達到此階段； 障礙程度較重者，因受認知、語言或行動能力的限制，或過去友伴經驗欠缺，不易進入本階段。有關衝突惡化 及終止友誼階段部分，成年智障者要建立友誼十分不容易；而所建立的友誼，往往因搬遷或輟學等非其能掌控 的原因而終止。

關鍵字

社區家園 ； 成年智障者 ； 友伴關係

並列摘要

This research was intended to develop 'The Peer Relationships of Adults with Mental Retardation (PRAMR) Checklist' for exploring the current peer relationships of adults with mental retardation and to establish 'The PRAMR Modes' and developmental stages as well. Following were the three main research steps in this study.
1. Through reviewing literature, first drafts of 'The Context Inquiry of PRAMR' and 'The PRAMR Checklist' were drawn up and revised by two scholars and two practitioners in related field as the second drafts.
2. Each four experts and practitioners in the field were asked to evaluate the importance degrees and to extend their opinions on the second drafts. Based on the results of the above survey and the actual use of the drafts in interviews, it was then revised and reconstructed into 'The PRAMR Checklist'.
3. Using the second drafts of the PRAMR checklist, the researcher interviewed and observed adults with mental retardation and their significant others in the community home to explore the current peer relationships of adults with mental retardation and to establish 'The PRAMR Modes' and developmental stages.
The findings of the research were summarized as below:
1. 'The PRAMR Checklist' comprised four areas including 'influential factors of peer relationship', 'friendship- generating context', 'existing peer relationship' and 'peer relationship expected'.
2. There were no differences in peer relationships of adults with mental retardation amng variables of gender, age and duration in the community home. However, the severities of retardation, education level, oral language ability, community participation, working competence and family background showed significant differences in both quantities and qualities of peer relationships.
3. The differences of peer relationships in various situations were attributed by factors of site, people and activities.
4. Adults with mental retardation perceived peer relationships differently from significant others' perceptions. The former displayed more detailed description and expectation about the concepts of friendships than the latter.
5. There were inconsistent results from interviews and observations. Some adults with mental retardation 'eloquently' described their peer relationships during the interviews but performed withdrawal, shy, anxiety and confusion through direct observations. Whereas some others talking little about peer relationships in the interviews displayed active peer relationships during observation.
6. Five modes characterizing the PRAMR in the community home were 'solitary', 'dyad', 'chain', 'radiation' and 'network'.
7. Five developmental stages of the PRAMR in the community home were 'perceived existence', 'flat contact', 'close connection', ' conflict and hassel' and 'friendship ending'.

並列關鍵字

peer relationships ； adults with mental retardation ； community home

參考文獻

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