我國高中政治教育課程知識內涵之研究--現行公民科教科書的內容分析

A Study On Knowledge Contents of the Political Education in Our Senior High School—The Content Analysis of Current Civics Books

鄒克蘭

指導教授 ： 鄧毓浩

國立臺灣師範大學/教育學院/公民教育與活動領導學系在職進修碩士班/碩士(2004年)

摘要

我國沒有專設的政治課程，基本上是結合公民教育實施，公民科教科書自然成為學校政治教育的教學教材。現行高中課程標準於1995年修訂，課程標準改變，課程即隨之改變，教科書編輯也跟著改變。適值教科書開放，在「一綱多本」政策下，身為教師站在教學第一線上，對教科書內容尤其關心。
本研究之主要目的在了解「我國高中政治教育課程知識的內涵」。論文的發展軸線，一是以文獻探討：理解政治教育的立論基礎，學界對政治教育課程知識內涵的看法，我國及主要國家地區相關的課程標準，相關實證研究，據以設計本研究之研究工具。二是透過內容分析法：研究我國現行（2004年四版）高中公民教科書「龍騰版」、「南一版」、「三民版」所含涉的政治知識內涵及不同版本之差別。
本研究對於我國高中政治教育公民教科書內容有如下的結論：
一、政治教材部分：
各版本均符合課程標準教材綱要之訂定。
二、政治知識類別：
各版本均以「國際政治與全球發展」、「我國政治體制的運作」份量最重，以「民主政治的基本原理」最少。
三、政治知識主題：
1.份量較多者為「政治變遷與發展」、「我國政治文化的特性」、「我國的政黨與選舉體制」、「我國的外交與國際角色」、「兩岸關係」、「國際組織與國際合作」，是各版本政治核心知識。
2.份量較少者為「有限政府」、「法律主治」、「分權制衡」、「人民主權」、「政治平等」、「多數統治」、「公民的權利」、「公民的責任」、「我國憲法的基本原則」，是各版本較少含涉者。
3.自行研發者為「龍騰版」的「自由與人權」，「南一版」的「政治與生活」、「決策」，「三民版」的「公共政策」等。
4.意識型態「孫中山思想」已普遍淡化，「大眾傳播」尚未被重視。
5.主題的描述大部分同質性高，小部分仍有差異或不足。
四、教科書編寫策略上：
1.使用「分項陳述」、「說明解釋」、「舉例說明」等說明性技巧最多。
2.使用「分析事理」、「相互對比」、「因果關係」、「類推與歸納」等啟發性技巧尚能交互運用。
3.使用「無預設或固定答案」、「問題解決」、「與日常生活結合」等應用性技巧均較少。
五、教科書人物的出現：
1.偏向「男性」、「現代人」、「中國人」及「政治領袖」、「社會菁英」、「學者專家」。
2.最常出現的政治領袖為李登輝、陳水扁、蔣經國、華盛頓，
3.最常出現的社會菁英是兩岸政治官員辜振甫。
4.最常引述的政治理論為外國學者專家之論述。
六、教科書教材形式：以「龍騰版」編輯方法最完整，「南一版」圖表插畫及說明最多，「三民版」課文字數最多。
七、教科書活動作業：以「龍騰版」、「三民版」活動設計最完整，以「三民版」作業類型最多樣化。
基於研究發現，本研究分別針對教科書以培養具有「政治素養」的民主公民、改善「課程綱要」編寫形式、提高「公民的責任」成分、並配合未來需要設定「優先次序」、提升「編寫技巧」、平衡「人物取向」、酌增「課文摘要」、酌減「活動作業數量」、後續研究等提出建議事項。

關鍵字

政治教育 ； 公民科教科書 ； 內容分析法

並列摘要

There are no specific subjects of politics in our country. Basically, politics is included and taught in civics. As a result, civics textbooks become teaching materials of political education in school. The current national senior high school curriculum guides are revised in 1995. Now that the national curriculum guides changed, the courses were to be updated, in a time when the formerly monopoly doctrine of textbooks by the government was released. Facing the new “one curriculum, various textbooks” policy, teachers, who are at the “front” of the educational system, now should give care to the contents of textbooks.
The main purposes of this research are to understand “the knowledge contents of the political education in our senior high school.” The main structure of this thesis is divided into two parts: First, by studying relevant literature: to understand rationales of political education, the general viewpoints of the academics on the knowledge contents, and relevant pragmatic researches, and eventually, to design the research tool of this paper. Second, by analyzing content : to explore the involved political knowledge contents of current (fourth release, 2004) senior high school civics textbooks, namely, Lungteng edition, Nani edition, Sanmin edition, and their differences.
This research has the following conclusions about the current (fourth release, 2004) senior high school civics books:
一、About material of political education:
All the three editions conform to the current national senior high school curriculum guides.
二、About the political knowledge genre:
All the three editions emphasize “world politics and global development” and “establishment & operation of ROC political system”, while giving less pages to “basic principles of democracy.”
三、About subjects of political knowledge:
1.The following occupy more contents and are the core political knowledge of each textbook: “political change & development”, “characteristics of TW political culture”, “ROC’s political party system & electoral system”, “ROC’s diplomacy & world role”, “Cross-TW-Strait relationship”, “international organization and global cooperation.”
2.The following is given less treatment: “limited government”, “rule of law”, “checks & balances”, “popular sovereignty”, “political equality”, “majority rule”, “civic rights”, “civic responsibilities”, “basic principles of ROC constitution.”
3.The following is unique to each respective edition: “freedom & human rights” of Lungteng edition, “politics and life” and “policy decision” of Nani edition , and “public policy” of Sanmin edition.
4.Ideology of “Dr. Sun Yat-sen’s Doctrine” now is unobvious. And “mass communications” still plays a minor role.
5.Presentation of main topics is mostly alike in content, with minor insufficiencies or differences.
四、About strategies of textbook compilation:
1.Explanatory skills such as ”itemizing narrative”, “exposition and explanation” , and “illustration by examples” are mostly used.
2.Heuristic skills like “analysis”, ”contrast and comparison”, “cause and effect”, and “deduction and induction” are more or less used in turn.
3.Applicative skills like “no preset or fixed answers”, “problem solution”, or “applicable in real life” are not commonly used.
五、About characters in textbooks:
1.Most of them are inclining toward male, contemporary, Chinese, political leaders, elites of society, scholars, or experts.
2.The most frequent political leaders are Lee Ten-hui , Chen Suei-bian, Chiang Chin-kuo, and George Washington.
3.The most frequent elite of society is Koo Chen-fu, a cross-TW-strait official.
4.The most referred political theories are from writings of foreign scholars and experts.
六、About form factors of textbooks:
Lungteng edition has full range of editorial methods, but Nani edition presents more charts and explanatory illustrations, while Sanmin edition contains more word descriptions.
七、About exercises and assignments:
There are the most complete designs of practice activities in Lungteng edition and Sanmin edition. And Sanmin edition has most varieties of practice or exercise.
Based on the results of this research, for compilation of textbooks we offer the following suggestions or considerations: to cultivate citizen with “political literacy”, to improve the compiling patterns of “curriculum guides”, to increase portion about “civic responsibility”, to adjust arrangement of material by setting priority, to upgrade compiling and editing skills, to add summary to the main content, to reduce the quantity of exercise for students, and to offer follow-up studies.

並列關鍵字

political education ； civics textbooks ； content analysis