國小低年級孩童與父母於親子衝突的反應方式之研究

A Study of Response Types in Taiwan Lower Grade Elementary School and Their Parents during Parent-Child Conflicts

胡肇勳(Chao-Hsun Hu)

指導教授 ： 程景琳

國立臺灣師範大學/教育學院/教育心理與輔導學系/碩士(2004年)

摘要

本研究旨在探討國小低年級孩童與其家長在面對不同領域的親子衝突時，使用不同反應方式的情況。主要的研究目的如下：（一）探討在不分領域的衝突事件中，國小低年級孩童與父母親使用不同反應方式的情況。（二）探討在不同領域的衝突事件中，國小低年級孩童與父母親使用不同反應方式的情況。（三）分析在不分領域的衝突事件中，國小低年級孩童與父母親使用不同反應方式間的關係。（四）分析在不同領域的衝突事件中，國小低年級孩童與父母親使用不同反應方式間的關係。
本研究採用「觀察研究法」，以三十四對國小低年級孩童（平均年齡7.83歲，）與父母親為研究對象，請父母親用錄音機錄下四個時段共兩個小時的親子互動。所得的資料以編碼的方式分析出衝突領域和親子的反應方式。衝突領域共有五種：道德慣例、課業、安全、個人以及其他（無法歸類）。父母親的反應方式為要求、引導、壓制與安撫，而孩童的反應方式為拒絕、爭論、抗爭與妥協。並且以皮爾遜相關係數的統計方式來分析資料。綜合整個研究結果，本研究的主要發現如下：
一、以衝突領域而言（不包含其他領域），出現次數由高到低依序為課業、安全、道德慣例和個人領域。
二、以出現頻率而言，父母親反應由高到低依序為要求、引導、安撫和壓制；而孩童反應由高到低依序為拒絕、爭論、妥協和抗爭。
三、整體來說，父母親的引導反應分別和孩童的爭論反應與妥協反應有正相關，而父母親的壓制反應與孩童的抗爭反應有正相關。
四、在四個領域中，出現頻率第一和第二高的家長反應均為要求和引導。若只討論壓制反應，其較常出現在道德慣例領域；若只討論安撫反應，其較常出現在個人領域。
五、在四個領域中，出現頻率第一和第二高的孩童反應均為拒絕和爭論。若只討論抗爭反應，其較常出現在個人領域；若只討論妥協反應，其較常出現在道德慣例領域。
六、在課業與安全領域裡，家長的壓制反應和孩童的抗爭反應有正相關；在道德慣例領域中，家長的壓制反應和孩童的爭論反應有負相關；在個人領域中，家長的壓制反應與孩童的拒絕反應有負相關。
本研究發現，家長的壓制反應和孩童反應種類的相關情形會依照不同領域而有所變化，這可能和各領域所涉及的性質有關。因此在面對親子衝突時，要特別注意在不同領域中，父母親使用壓制反應所代表的意涵和其所帶來的不同影響。

關鍵字

親子衝突 ； 社會領域理論 ； 父母親的衝突反應 ； 孩童的衝突反應

並列摘要

This study investigates how lower grade elementary school children and their parents, when different types (domains) of parent-child conflicts occur, use different responses. Its main objectives are (1) to study the differences in the responses of lower grade elementary school children and their parents when dealing with parent-child conflicts; (2) to study the differences in the responses of lower grade elementary school children and their parents when dealing with the parent-child conflicts of different domains; (3) to study the correlation between the responses of lower grade elementary school children and their parents when dealing with parent-child conflicts; (4) to study the correlation between the responses of lower grade elementary school children and their parents when dealing with the parent-child conflicts of different domains.
This study made use of observation research, and the subjects consisted of 34 lower grade elementary school children (with the average age of 7.83) and their parents. Parents were asked to record parent-child interaction using a voice recorder at four different times for a total duration of two hours. The acquired information was coded and analyzed for conflict domains and response types. There were a total of five conflict domains, namely moral-convention, achievement, prudence, person, and other. Parents’ responses could be differentiated as demanding, inductive, power assertive, or soothing, and those of the child as rejecting, argumentative, fighting or compromising. Data was analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient. Summarizing study results, this study found the following:
1.In terms of conflict domains, the order of high-to-low occurrence was achievement, prudence, moral-convention, and person (other domain is not included).
2.In terms of the types of parents’ response, the order of high-to-low occurrence was demanding, inductive, soothing, and power assertive response. Furthermore, in terms of the types of children’s response, the order of high-to-low occurrence was rejecting, argumentative, compromising, and fighting response.
3.A positive correlation was found between parents’ inductive response and children’s argumentative response, between parents’ inductive response and children’s compromising response, and also between parents’ power assertive response and children’s fighting response.
4.In all four domains, the first and second most frequent parents’ responses were demanding and inductive response, respectively. The power assertive response occurred more frequently in the moral-convention domain; however, the soothing response occurred more frequently in the personal domain.
5.In all four domains, the first and second most frequent children’s responses were rejecting and argumentative response. The rejecting response occurred more frequently in the personal domain; however, the compromising response occurred more frequently in moral-convention domain.
6.In the achievement and prudential domain, a positive correlation was found between parents’ power assertive and children’s fighting response; in the moral-convention domain, a negative correlation was found between parents’ power assertive and children’s argumentative response; in the personal domain, a negative correlation was found between parents’ power assertive and children’s rejecting response.
According to this study, the correlation between parents’ power assertive response and different children’s responses is dependant on the conflict domains. This may be due to the nature of involvement in the domains. Therefore, when dealing with parent-child conflicts, special attention must be paid to the specific meaning of parental power assertion in each different domain, and the different effects.

並列關鍵字

parent-child conflicts ； social domain theory ； parental conflict response ； children's conflict response

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