另類救世主:席爾柯《沙丘花園》中的原住民靈性

Alternative Messiah: Native Spirituality in Leslie Mamon Silko's Gardens in the Dunes

王靖賢(Ching-hsien Wang)

指導教授 ： 梁一萍

國立臺灣師範大學/文學院/英語學系/碩士(2004年)

摘要

本論文探討席爾柯小說《沙丘花園》所呈現之另類救世主。
藉由探討基督教與北美原住民宗教的相互關係，以及介紹席爾柯如何利用十九世紀的鬼舞運動(Ghost Dance Movement)來為受殖民統治的原住民發聲，透過小說裡的沙丘蜥蜴姐妹(Sand Lizard girls)與Hattie重申了原住民靈性的完整性，本論文主張另類救世主不但滿足了基督再臨的預言，同時也為她們帶了重生與救贖。渴求拯救的需要是普遍的，只是救世主是因人而異的。 當傳統的基督教教義變成太狹礙無法再提供救贖，人們需要尋找到屬於自己的另類救世主。透過Indigo、鹽巴姐姐(Sister Salt)、快捷祖母(Grandmother Fleet)與Hattie如何抗拒正統以及如何不斷地尋找生命中平衡與和諧，席爾柯證明靈性的成熟完善是有可能的。《沙丘花園》中的另類救世主指引出了一條脫離迷惑通往心靈完整的道路。
本論文包含四章。首章介紹傷膝屠殺事件(Wounded Knee Massacre)與鬼舞運動的歷史，並且探討基督教與原住民宗教的關係。
第二章檢視了文中的白人角色。以摩尼根二元論為基礎，討論Edward與Susan的極端，以及Hattie如何能跨越疆界得到救贖。
第三章首先以快捷祖母例探討原住民靈性文化的傳統。接著探討鹽巴姐姐與Indigo與基督教的接觸，以及她們如何找到屬於自己的另類救主。同時做為出發點與終點，沙丘中的花園象徵了她們最後達到了靈性上的完整。在找到平衡的同時，她們了解到了生命的意義為何。末章扼要重申本文主旨做為總結。

關鍵字

沙丘花園 ； 席爾柯 ； 原住民靈性

並列摘要

This thesis is a study of the alternative Messiah in Leslie Marmon Silko’s Gardens in the Dunes. By focusing on the interrelationship between Christianity and tribal religions, and how Silko uses issues of religion to retell the silenced colonial history of the Ghost Dance Movement in the nineteenth century and reclaims the spiritual integrity of Native Americans through the stories of Sand Lizard girls and Hattie, I argue that they have found for themselves an “alternative Messiah” that not only fulfills the prophecy of the Second Coming, but also brings them salvation and spiritual regeneration, which is a universal need for each culture, each community, and each individual. The route might differ and the form of Messiah might vary. Traditional Christianity has become too narrow to fulfill the needs for all peoples. Everyone can and need to determine and find out what his or her own alternative Messiah is. My explorations of Hattie, Grandmother Fleet, Sister Salt and Indigo intend to demonstrate the possibility of reaching spirituality maturity by rejecting orthodoxy and engaging themselves in finding the balance and harmony in life. With the alternative Messiah presented in the novel, Gardens in the Dunes has shown everyone a possible way out of the bewilderment and puzzles in life into spiritual integrity.
This thesis contains four chapters. Chapter One is the introduction, which starts with the introduction of the historical Wounded Knee Massacre and the Ghost Dance Movement to explore the relationships between Christianity and Native American religion.
In Chapter Two, textual examination of the white characters is included. After introducing the Manichean Allegory, I will focus on Edward and Susan, who belong to materialist extreme in the polarization. The second half of this chapter will focus on Hattie. I will examine how she crosses the boundary and attains spiritual salvation at the end.
In Chapter Three, I will explore the traditions of Native spirituality and focus on Grandmother Fleet as an example. Later on I will briefly examining the history of the difficult and complicated situation of tribal religions after encountering Christianity then focus on Sister Salt and Indigo. Even though survival becomes more difficult and complicated, they still find their own “alternative Messiah.” The old gardens, both as the point of departure and the destination, symbolize the spiritual wholeness that they have finally reached in the end of the novel. Finding the balance, they have determined for themselves what life means to them. Chapter Four is the conclusion.

並列關鍵字

Gardens in the Dunes ； Silko ； Native Spirituality

參考文獻

Black Elk, Nicholas. Black Elk Speaks: Being the Life Story of a Holy Man of the Oglala Sioux. Lincoln; London: University of Nebraska Press, 2000.

Blaeser, Kimberly M. “Pagans Rewriting the Bible: Heterodoxy and the Representation of Spirituality in Native American Literature.” A Review of International English Literature. 25 (1994): 12-31.

Deloria, Vine Jr. God is Red: A Native View of Religion. Colorado: Fulcrum Publishing, 1993

---. Singing for a Spirit: a Portrait of the Dakota Sioux. Santa Fe: Clear Light Publishers, 2000.

Doak, Michael. “Native American Spirituality.” The University of Virginia. 2001. Accessed 15 June 2005.