In this thesis, we propose a two-way optical frequency domain reflection/transmission system. This system is combined by a microwave network analyzer and two electrooptic probes that we designed. Comparing to a conventional optical network analyzer, the optical frequency domain reflection/transmission system can measure the S parameters of optical device under test (DUT) by quick two-way measurement. We apply fiber Bragg grating (FBG) and chirped fiber Bragg grating (CFBG) as the optical DUTs of a conventional optical network analyzer and proposed two-way optical frequency domain reflection/transmission system. During the measurement procedure, we can make the two-way frequency responses of these two types of FBG synchronous in operation by the two-way optical frequency domain reflection/transmission system. It can avoid the human error induced by putting the DUT into opposite measurement direction in a conventional optical network analyzer.