中國大陸現階段推行全民健身計畫之研究

STUDY ON THE NATIONAL KEEP-FIT PROGRAM AT PRESENT STAGE IN MAINLAND CHINA

黃家昌(HUANG CHIA CHANG)

指導教授 ： 詹德基

國立臺灣師範大學/運動與休閒學院/體育學系/碩士(2000年)

摘要

中國大陸現階段推行全民健身計畫之研究
摘 要
中共自1949年建立政權以來，深刻體認到群眾體育是關係人民健康的大事，是造福於人類千秋萬代的崇高事業，所以極力加以推展。從1952年毛澤東為中華全國體育總會成立時題詞“發展體育運動，增強人民體質”，就可看出它高度概括了中國大陸人民體育的發展方向，也確定了性質和任務。其間雖然遭受從1966年5月開始的為期10年的“文化大革命”災難，但在中共中央、「國務院」的政策下，體育領域廣大幹部、群眾的努力下，群眾體育事業運動還是有一定的開展。直到1995年《全民健身計畫綱要》的頒布，並與《奧運爭光計畫綱要》並列，成為兩大發展主軸，更確立全民健身計畫在中國大陸的地位及重要性。
本研究是從1995年6月20日《全民健身計畫綱要》的頒布日起，到2000年底為止，中國大陸全民健身計畫推展狀況為範圍。以文獻分析方法為主，主要針對中國大陸及台灣地區有關全民健身計畫的政策、法令、專書及原始文件等及相關論文，加以閱讀、整理、分析、考證，透過解釋、理解與評判的步驟，經過綜合整理和討論，得到以下的結論：
一、中共自建政以來，深刻體認身體素質是科學文化素質和思想道德素質的基礎，所以極力推展群眾體育。隨著計畫經濟向市場經濟體制的轉變，人民生活水平從赤貧向小康邁進，加上週休二日推動，人們閒暇時間增多，對體育的需求和參與體育的意識，也大大提昇。為適應形勢的發展和滿足人民對體育的需求，中國大陸全民健身計畫也就應運而生。
二、中國大陸群眾體育發展大致可區分為開基創業、波浪前進、十年挫折、恢復發展和全面發展等五個階段。其間雖然遭受文化大革命的摧殘，但在中共中央、「國務院」、體育領域廣大幹部和群眾努力下，經過1954年《準備勞動與衛國體育制度》、1965年《青少年體育鍛鍊標準》、1974年《國家體育鍛鍊標準》、1990年《國家體育鍛鍊標準實施辦法》修訂下，終能在1995年制定更臻完善的《全民健身計畫綱要》。中國大陸全民健身計畫實施共分兩期工程，每期工程都有不同目標要達成。從各階段的目標達成，也更能確立全民健身計畫是中國大陸群眾體育走向更高層次的措施。
三、1954年中國大陸的第一部「憲法」關於“國家特別關懷青年的體力和智力的發展”的規定，以及一些專門體育法規的頒布施行，都表明了體育在國家的法治系統中已開始佔有重要的位置。1995年8月29日頒布的《中華人民共和國體育法》，更為公民體育權利的確認和保障提供直接和充分的法律依據，也使全民健身計畫能依此為基礎，推行更加順利。中國大陸全民健身組織可區分為管理組織和基層全民健身組織兩大類。管理組織主要接受「國家體委」領導、協調及監督下，開展全民群眾體育工作。基層全民健身組織可細分為活動型、中心型、社團型和管理型等四種不同類型。基層全民健身組織大都由民眾自願主動參與，所以組織較為鬆散。
四、中國大陸全民健身計畫以全體國民為實施對象，以青少年和兒童為實施重點。所以在推展全民健身計畫時，必須要以個人、家庭、學校和社會體育為範圍。其所採用的策略如下所示：推行社會系統工程；突出青少年；重視農民及職工身心健康；艱苦奮鬥、因地制宜、靈活多樣、注重實效；加大宣傳工作力度；加快群眾體育法制化步伐及推展調查研究科技工作。
五、中國大陸全民健身計畫推行主要成果
（一）國民體質測定與監測系統施行。體質測定標準的訂定，以科學觀點測量全國民眾體質，有助於了解全民健身計畫推展情況。
（二）體育彩票全民健身工程。運用體育彩票公益金的60%施行運動設施的建設，有助於全民健身運動推展更加順利。
（三）社會體育指導員技術等級制度。社會體育指導員對全民健身計畫推展有其卓著功效。目標是早日達成每500名擁有一名社會體育指導員。
（四）開放體育場館。體育場館的開放，不僅有助於全民健身計畫的推展，也可藉由有償服務，加速體育產業化發展。
（五）推廣社區體育。市場經濟推展，使得社區體育成為發展全民健身計畫的新興力量。
（六）推廣體育俱樂部。近期目標要達到10%青少年參與體育俱樂部。
（七）建立全民健身資訊網絡。全民健身服務網絡施行，主要體現了科學性、時效性、針對性、即時性、系統性、多重選擇性和方便性七大原則。
（八）公布相關法規。法規的公布，凡是“依法行政，依法治體”，使全民健身計畫於法有據，推展更加順利。
（九）其它。舉辦全民健身宣傳週活動、推廣和普及第八套廣播體操、徵集推荐科學健身方法等等，都促進全民健身計畫蓬勃發展。
六、中國大陸推展全民健身計畫從1995年到2000年底為止，是第一期工程的結束，接下來在第二期工程推動的發展方向包括以下幾點：體育社會化不斷加強的趨勢、社會體育法制化的趨勢、社會體育產業化的趨勢、社會體育科學化的趨勢及社會體育生活化的趨勢。
關鍵詞 全民健身計畫、社會體育指導員、社會需要、系統工程

關鍵字

全民健身計畫 ； 社會體育指導員 ； 社會需要 ； 系統工程

並列摘要

STUDY ON THE NATIONAL KEEP-FIT PROGRAM AT PRESENT STAGE IN
MAINLAND CHINA
ABSTRACT
As long as establishing the political power over the Mainland China, the China Communist Party have considered athletics is an honorable business which has deep relation to people’s felicity. Thus, they make every effort to promote athletics. From the phrases “promote athletics, strengthen people’s bodies,” which Mao Ze Dong dedicated as “National athletics of China total association” was founded in 1952, we learn that the mission and developing direction of athletics were affirmed. Though affected and hindered by the 10-year disaster “Cultural Revolution” started in May, 1966, the development of athletics never stopped because of the effort made by the government staff and the crowd. The two projects proclaimed in 1995 “The Outline for National Keep-Fit Plan” and “The Outline forThe Olympics Wins Glory Plan” confirmed the status and importance of athletics.
The research covers the time span from the announcement of “The Outline for National Keep-Fit Plan”on June 20, 1995 to the end of the year 2000, and focuses on its developing state. After the policies, laws, specific books and documents which are concerned with the project in Mainland China and Taiwan are analyzed, sorted, verified, and discussed, here comes out the conclusion:
A、Since the China Communist Party had the control over Mainland China, they realize that physical essence is the base of science, culture, and morality. Along with the economical changes into marketing economy, the standard of life has enhanced. Because of the two-day off policy, people have more spare time, and thus, the sense and need of athletics increases. To fulfill people’s demand and conform to the trend, The National Keep-Fit Plan of The Mainland China is put into practice.
B、The evolution of crowd athletics can be generally divided into five periods: starting, moving forwards, 10-year retard, restart, and overall evolving. In spite of the interference of Cultural Revolution, the whole evolution has been completed step by step; that is, the evolution involves “The Nation Athletics of the System Prepare labor and Protect” in 1954, “The Standard ofThe Teenager Athletics Trains” in 1965, “The Standard of the Nation Athletics Trains” in 1974, the modification of “The Nation Athletics Training Standard puts into Practice to do the Method” in 1990, and “The Outline for National Keep-Fit Plan” in 1995. The practice of The National Keep-Fit Plan of The Mainland China is divided into two parts, and there is a specific goal to achieve in each part. The fact that the goal are achieved provesThe National Keep-Fit Plan of The Mainland China is a method to lead the crowd athletics in Mainland China to a higher level.
C、The law “our country specially concerns about the youth’s physical and mental development” appeared in the first Constitution (1954), and other special athletic regulations show that athletics has played an important role in the national legal system. “The people republic of china athletics method” especially guarantees people’s athletic rights in a direct way. The China The National Keep-Fit organization can be divided into “ Management organization, ” which are governed by “The National Physical Education Committee” and “ Grass-root The National Keep-Fit organization,” which is subdivided into the four types: exercise, center, community, and management. Since most members of “Grass-root The National Keep-Fit organization” come from the voluntary people, it is less systematic.
D、The objects of “The National Keep-Fit Plan of The Mainland China” are the whole people in Mainland china, especially the youth and the children. The range in practice is from individuals, families, schools, to the entire society. The strategies are listed as followed: promoting the social system; emphasizing on teenagers; focusing on the farmers’ and workers’ bodies and minds; endeavoring, changing with the places, variation, efficiency; making propaganda for working efficiency; accelerating the legalization of crowd athletics and promoting the technological investigation.
E、The cardinal results from “The National Keep-Fit Plan of The Mainland China”:
Ⅰ、The measurement system of the physical make-up: the standard of physical make-up defines people’s health scientifically; thus, it helps to check the progression of “The National Keep-Fit Plan of The Mainland China”.
Ⅱ、Releasing the athletics lottery tickets and 60% of the income is used to constuct the athletic facilities.
Ⅲ、The ranking system of social athletic supervisors: the ultimate goal is one social athletic supervisor among 500 people.
Ⅳ、Open the stadium to the public. This policy not only accelerate the project but also helps to industrialize athletics,
Ⅴ、The community athletics expands as the marketing economy sprouts.
Ⅵ、The athletic clubs expand. The near-term target is that 10% of teenagers take part in the clubs.
Ⅶ、The internet about “The National Keep-Fit” establishes according to the principles of science, efficiency, specialization, immediacy, directness, multi-choices, and convenience.
Ⅷ、The announcement of related laws makes the project legal and easy to promote.
Ⅸ、Others, such as, the activities held during the week of The National Keep-Fit, the development of the eighth broadcasting physical exercises, and collecting the scientific methods to keep fit.
F、From 1995 to the end of 2000, the first part of The National Keep-Fit Plan has been completed. The ongoing part is trending toward the socialization, the legalization, the industrialization, scientific improvement, and popularity of athletics.
Key words The national keep-fit Plan、The Present Situation of Mass Sports Instructors、Social Requirement、Systematical Engineering

並列關鍵字

The national keep-fit Plan ； The Present Situation of Mass Sports Instructors ； Social Requirement ； Systematical Engineering

參考文獻

83、鄭勵君（民86），中共推行全民健身計畫作為與對策之研究•中華體育，第11卷第3期，28-34頁。

67、詹德基（民79），中共體育運動委員會的發展與分析•台北：中華台北奧會。

參 考 書 目

1、王宗吉（1996），體育運動社會學•台北：銀禾文化事業公司。

2、王則珊、盧元鎮（1987），群眾體育學•北京：北京體育學院出版社。