Raymond Williams的文化理論及其教育蘊義

方佳惠

指導教授 ： 張建成 ； 林逢祺

國立臺灣師範大學/教育學院/教育學系/碩士(2002年)

摘要

Raymond Williams的文化理論及其教育蘊義
摘 要
Raymond Williams（1921-1988）是英國著名的馬克思主義文化批評家，也是英國新左派的文化理論領導者。Williams的影響力不僅發揮於文化理論、文化研究領域，連知識社會學、教育社會學領域都可見其文化理論的影響。
本研究定位在理論分析的層面，旨在探討Williams的文化理論，並進而闡釋其教育蘊義。本研究認為Williams的思想深受其個人生活經驗與李維斯主義、馬克思主義、葛蘭西主義的影響。究其理論內涵則發現：Williams的文化理論在重視霸權的基礎上，分析文化與社會的傳統，他認為每個社會每個時代皆有其獨特的感知結構，但由於霸權在社會中隱而未顯的運作，以及精選傳統的篩選作用，最後能進入文化之列的並非我們生活的全部，語言也因權力的運作而成為區分階級的象徵。Williams期望藉由科技與媒體的發展，促使教育普及，建立真正民主參與的平等社會，進而達成共同文化的理想。
歸納Williams文化理論的主要議題，本研究尋繹其中所蘊含的教育意義，認為教育可以作為解除霸權的一種過程，作為感知結構的擴張地，作為精選傳統的批判性承繼，作為媒體影響力的調節閥，作為共同文化的鎔鑄場，其共同文化的民主理想，不僅可以憑藉教育的普及而達成，同時也可以作為教育活動的目標。
關鍵字：文化理論、文化研究、霸權、感知結構、共同文化

關鍵字

文化理論 ； 文化研究 ； 霸權 ； 感知結構 ； 共同文化

並列摘要

Raymond Williams’ Cultural Theory and Its Implications for Education
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to explore Williams’ thoughts on cultural theory and its implications for education. In order to understand his theoretical framework thoroughly, this study begins with a brief sketch of his background and the intellectual climate in England. Then, this study discusses how Williams’ cultural theory is constituted and influenced by important thoughts, including Leavisism, Marxism, Gramscism, etc. Next, this study focuses on the main content of Williams’ cultural theory, which is based on hegemony and uses it to analyze cultural and social tradition. Based on the discussion mentioned above, the derivative implication on education is raised.
The conclusions of the study are as follows:
First, the core proposition of Williams’ cultural theory is that every society owns its special structure of feeling.
Secondly, due to the invisible operation of hegemony in our society and the filtration of selective tradition, the mainstream culture cannot be equal to our life. And then language becomes the symbol of class due to the operation of power.
Thirdly, Williams hopes to establish an educated and participating democracy by way of the development of technology and media, and then the ideal of common culture will be fulfilled.
Fourthly, in order to equalize the educational opportunity, education should be considered as the process of de-hegemony, the extension of structure of feeling, the critical heritage of selective tradition, the modulator of media influence, and the melting pot of common culture.
Finally, the democratic ideal of common culture could be accomplished with the popularization of education, and it should become the aim of educational activity at the same time.
Keywords: cultural theory, cultural studies, hegemony, structure of feeling, common culture

並列關鍵字

cultural theory ； cultural studies ； hegemony ； structure of feeling ； common culture

參考文獻

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陳昭瑛（1992）。霸權與典律：葛蘭西的文化理論。中外文學，第21卷第2期，54-92。

Cashmore, E., & Rojek, C. (Eds.) (1999). Dictionary of cultural theorists. London： Arnold.

Dworkin, D., & Roman, L. G. (Eds.) (1993). Views beyond the border country: Raymond Williams and cultural politics. London: Routledge.

Eldridge, J., & Eldridge, L. (Eds.) (1994). Raymond Williams: Making connections. London: Routledge.