黃宗羲《明夷待訪錄》民本思想之研究

The Research on People-Centered Ideology in Huang Tsung-Hsi’s “Min Yi Tai Fang Lu”

陳昭鈞(Chern Jau-Jiun)

指導教授 ： 黃人傑

國立臺灣師範大學/教育學院/政治學研究所在職進修碩士班/碩士(2003年)

摘要

黃宗羲《明夷待訪錄》民本思想之研究
中 文 摘 要
中國民本思想發韌於西周，流傳至清初，其間雖有強弱激緩，卻未曾亡失，可說是中國政治思想的主流。黃宗羲（梨洲1610-1695）以亡國遺臣之身，對明代弊政及君主專制政體，進行深刻反省和尖銳批判，他撰著《明夷待訪錄》，宣揚民本意識，闡發民本原理，堪稱中國民本思想之集大成者。
處明末清初天崩地裂的時代，黃氏何以力倡民本思想？其理念內涵與實踐策略，如何承啟？有何創發？有無侷限與弱點？有何價值與影響？為探討上述諸問題，本篇論文採內（外）在研究法、文獻資料分析法、比較法、歸納法及綜合法，以六章二十五節作析論。
第一章緒論，陳述研究的動機、方法、範圍及文獻分析。第二章宗羲思想背景與淵源，說明思想形成之時空因素、淵源基礎及政治著作。第三章宗羲民本思想的內涵，說明民主君客、君臣分權、治法治人、教育普及和全民安富的民本原理。第四章宗羲民本思想的實踐，呼應民本原理，條析其政制主張及教育、文官、財經和國防等政策。第五章宗羲民本思想的綜合評論，說明其性質、價值、弱點和對後世的影響，及歷史定位。第六章結論，總結全文，提供建言，並說明宗羲民本思想，闡發民為貴與天下為公的理想，具奠基民治思想，與啟蒙民主思潮之功，但該如何發揮民本精神之優點，而使能與現代民主政治的規制相銜接、互調補，應是值得後人研究發展的重要課題。

關鍵字

民本思想 ； 人本思想 ； 民主思想 ； 德治思想 ； 民粹政治

並列摘要

The Research on People-Centered Ideology in Huang Tsung-Hsi’s “Min Yi Tai Fang Lu”
Abstract
China’s people-centered ideology was born in the West Chou Dynasty and continuously passed down to the Ching Dynasty. Although its importance waxed and waned through different times, it never completely faded away. Therefore, it can be referred to as the mainstream of China’s political ideology. Huang Tsung-Hsi（Li Chou 1610-1695）viewed himself as a loyal official from the previous dynasty, reviewing and harshly criticizing the ill policies as well as the authoritarian political system of the Ming Dynasty. He wrote “Min Yi Tai Fang Lu” to promote people-centered ideology and expound principles thereof. Huang Tsung-Hsi is the greatest scholar of people-centered ideology in Chinese history.
Living in the dramatic era at the turn of the Ming and Ching Dynasties, why did Huang relentlessly promote people-centered ideology? How were the ideological contents and implementation strategies being passed down? What were the initiatives? Were there restrictions and weaknesses? What were the values and effects? In order to discuss the above issues, this research, divided into six chapters and 25 sections, adopts the internal (external) research methods, literature review analyses, comparative method, induction method and synthetically method.
The first chapter is the introduction that describes the research motive, research method, scope of research and literature reviews. Chapter Two is devoted to Huang’s ideological background and writings, expounding the time and space factors in the formation of his people-centered ideology and political writings. Chapter Three is the ideological contents of Huang’s people-centered ideology, explaining the concept that people are the masters of the country while the emperor is only a guest, separation of powers between the emperor and officials, rule of law taking precedence over persons in power, universal education and all people being secured and wealthy. Chapter Four discusses the implementation strategies of Huang’s people-centered ideology, expounding his policy initiatives and education, bureaucratic, fiscal and defense policies that were aimed at implementing people-centered philosophy. Chapter Five focuses on the general comments on Huang’s people-centered ideology, explaining its characteristics as well as impacts on the later generations and evaluating its values and weaknesses. Chapter Six concludes the entire research which states that Huang’s people-centered ideology expounded the concepts of people first and the world owned by all people. His ideology became the foundation of the concept of ruled by people and initiated democratic ideas. Nevertheless, how to utilize the strengths of people-centered spirits and have them link and supplement to the modern democratic politics is an important subject which warrants further researches.

並列關鍵字

People-centered ideology ； Humanistic ideology ； Democratic philosophy ； Virtue ideology ； Popular politics