手持重物立定跳遠之運動生物力學分析

Biomechanic Analysis of Standing Long Jump with Extra Weights

陳宏盈

指導教授 ： 黃長福

國立臺灣師範大學/運動與休閒學院/體育學系/碩士(2003年)

摘要

Minetti and Ardigo (2002) 的模擬研究指出，手持適當負重可以提高立定跳遠的水平跳躍距離，但研究中缺乏實際的人體測試。本研究以人體手持重物進行立定跳遠動作，目的為（一）了解手持重物對立定跳遠成績的影響，（二）探討手持重物，立定跳遠運動學參數與力學要素的變化，（三）觀察手持重物，立定跳遠下肢淨關節肌肉力矩、功率與下肢肌群肌電訊號的變化。12位有規律訓練之男性田徑選手參與本實驗。實驗要求受試者雙手持重物，執行最大努力之立定跳遠。本實驗將重物的重量分為四個層級，即無負重、低負重 (2kg, 4kg)、高負重 (6kg, 8kg) 與超負重 (10kg)，而每位受試者僅隨機分配低負重與高負重中的一種重量，但每位受試者皆須完成各負載層級的跳躍。利用一塊Kistler測力板 (1250Hz)、一台Redlake高速攝影機 (125Hz) 和Biovision肌電圖儀器 (1250Hz) 等，進行各項參數的收集，並利用動力學逆過程的方法探討下肢各關節的力學參數，本實驗僅選取每位受試者各負載層級之最佳試跳進行分析。本研究發現手持適當重量，可提高立定跳遠的水平距離。手持重物擺動有助於下肢往後推蹬地面，產生更多的水平衝量，且踝、膝關節的肌肉力矩會有變大的現象。手持重物立定跳遠在向心期會對下肢肌群產生較強的刺激，且在單位時間內募集更多運動單位參與推蹬動作，其中小腿伸踝肌群受重物影響的幅度較於大腿伸膝肌群大。

關鍵字

立定跳遠 ； 運動生物力學

並列摘要

Minetti and Ardigo (2002) used the computer simulation technique to find that subjects with extra weights would gain better standing long jump performances, however, their research did not use human subjects to perform standing long jumps. The purpose of this study was to investigate (1) the effects of extra weights on standing long jump performance (2) the differences of ground reaction forces while subjects grip extra weights (3) the effects of extra weights in joint moment, power and EMG data of the lower limbs.
Twelve elite track and field players served as subjects in the study, and each subject was asked to grip weights when performing maximal standing long jump. In the study, the weights were defined as four loading levels: no weight, low weight (2kg, 4kg), high weight (6kg, 8kg), and super high weight (10kg). Each subject was assigned randomly only one weight of low high and high weight. Each subject need to finish each loading level. A Redlake high-speed camera (125Hz), a Kistler force platform (1250Hz), and the Biovision EMG system (1250 Hz) were used to collect the kinematic and kinetic data of jumping performance. All equipments were synchronized. The best jumps for each subject were selected for analysis. Four best jumps (one unloaded and three loaded trials) for each subject were selected for analysis.
We concluded that extra weights could improve standing jump performance. In the study, the most optimal extra weight for extending standing jump distance is 0.0625 BW. It is concluded that optimal extra weights can increase the horizontal propulsive time during standing long jump, which also produce a greater horizontal impulse. The knee and ankle moments during jumping increase with extra weights. In additional, greater EMG activities are observed on lower extremity muscles. The ankle extensors have greater EMG activity amplitude than the knee extensors.

並列關鍵字

Standing long jump ； Biomechanics

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